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Figure 12.
Hydrophobic lipids in the fur of aquatic mammals (credit: Ken Bosma)
A
fat
molecule, such as a triglyceride, consists of two main components—glycerol and fatty acids.
Three carbon atoms, five hydrogen atoms, and three hydroxyl (-OH) groups make up the organic compound
glycerol. The term "fatty acid" refers to a long chain of hydrocarbons to which an acidic carboxyl group is
attached. Fatty acids can have anywhere between 4 and 36 carbons; those with 12 to 18 carbons are the most
prevalent. In a fat molecule, a fatty acid is attached to each of the three oxygen atoms in the –OH groups of the
glycerol molecule with a covalent bond Figure 13.
Figure 13.
Steroids, phospholipids,
and fats like triglycerides, which are composed of fatty
acids and glycerol, are examples of lipids.
The
majority of oils, which are unsaturated fats that are liquid at room temperature, are. A
monounsaturated fat is one in which there is only one double bond in the molecule; a polyunsaturated fat is one
in which there are multiple double bonds (e.g.,, canola oil). At room temperature, saturated fats are solid due
to their tendency to pack tightly. Examples of saturated fats include the stearic and palmitic acid-containing
animal fats found in meat and the butyric acid-containing fat found in butter. Adipocytes,
specialized cells
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found in mammals, are where globules of fat are stored for later use. Oil or fat is stored in seeds of plants and
used as a source of energy during the development of the embryo.
Phospholipids
are the major constituent of the plasma membrane. They
are made up of fatty acid
chains joined to a glycerol or other similar backbone, just like fats. The glycerol backbone's third carbon is
bonded to a phosphate group, so there are only two fatty acids attached as opposed to three. An alcohol is added
to the phosphate group to change it.
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