27
The majority of consumers have some familiarity with the macromolecules known as carbohydrates.
Some people follow "low-carb" diets to lose weight. Contrarily, athletes frequently "carb-load" before
significant competitions to make sure they have enough energy to compete at a high level. In fact, we need
carbohydrates
in our diet; they can be found naturally in grains, fruits, and vegetables.
The body uses
carbohydrates for energy, especially the simple sugar glucose. Carbohydrates
also have other important
functions in humans, animals, and plants. Carbohydrates can be represented by the formula (CH
2
O), where n
is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is
1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. Carbohydrates are classified into three subtypes: monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides
(mono- = “one”; sacchar- = “sweet”) are simple sugars, the most common of which
is glucose. In monosaccharides, the number of carbon atoms usually ranges from three to six. Most
monosaccharide names end with the suffix -ose. Depending on the number of carbon atoms in the sugar, they
may be known as trioses (three carbon atoms), pentoses (five carbon atoms), and hexoses (six carbon atoms).
Disaccharides
(di- = “two”) form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction (a
reaction in which the removal of a water molecule occurs). This process results
in the release of a water
molecule (H2O) and the formation of a covalent bond between the atoms in the two sugar molecules when the
hydroxyl group (-OH) of one monosaccharide interacts with a hydrogen atom of another monosaccharide.
A long chain of monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds is known as a
polysaccharide
(poly- =
“many”). The monosaccharides in the chain could be of different types and could be branched or unbranched.
Molecular sizes of polysaccharides can be enormous. The polysaccharides starch, glycogen, cellulose, and
chitin are examples of.
Glycogen
is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates, and is made up of monomers
of glucose. Glycogen, an extremely branched molecule that is typically stored in muscle and liver cells, is the
animal equivalent of starch. Glycogen is broken down to release glucose whenever blood glucose levels drop.
One of the most prevalent natural biopolymers is
cellulose
. Plants' cell walls, which give
the cell its structural
support, are primarily made of cellulose. Wood and paper are mostly cellulosic in nature. Cellulose is made up
of glucose monomers that are linked by bonds between particular carbon atoms in the glucose molecule.
Dostları ilə paylaş: