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The monomers that make up proteins are amino acids. The basic building block of every amino acid is
a central carbon atom connected to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a hydrogen atom.
The R group, a second variable atom or group of atoms bonded to the central carbon atom in every amino acid,
is also present. The R group is the only difference in structure between the 20 amino acids; otherwise, the amino
acids are identical (Figure 14).
Figure 14.
Amino acids are made up of a central carbon bonded to an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group
(–COOH), and a hydrogen atom.
The chemical makeup of the amino acid in a protein is determined by the chemical makeup of the R
group (that is,
whether it is acidic, basic, polar, or nonpolar). The order and quantity of amino acids ultimately
determine the form, size, and function of a protein. A covalent bond between each amino acid and another
amino acid, known as a peptide bond and created
by a dehydration reaction, holds them together. A water
molecule is produced when the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
combine. Peptide bond is the resulting bond.
Polypeptides are the products created by such a linkage. Despite the fact that the terms "polypeptide"
and "protein" are
frequently used synonymously, a polypeptide is technically a polymer of amino acids,
whereas the term "protein"
refers to a polypeptide or
polypeptides
that have combined,
have a distinctive
shape, and have a specific function
9
.
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Fowler, S., Roush, R. & Wise, J. (2017)
Concepts in Biology,
Chapter 2, -Pp. 45-48 OpenStax,
https://openstax.org/details/books/concepts-biology