Multilingual Writing in Medieval Japan
123
The Water Mirror
excises two of Sh
ō
toku’s best-known governmental
achievements: the creation in 603 of the
kan’i jūni-kai
, a twelve-rank sys-
tem of officials that was subdivided into “greater” and “lesser” grades
based on six Confucian virtues, and the promulgation of his seventeen-
article constitution in 604. Since both of these are included in
Abbrevi-
ated Records
(as well as in
Chronicles of Japan
), the omission implies a de-
liberate effort to reorient the reader away from a concern with secular
institutions of governance.
88
This impression is strengthened by the ac-
count of Sh
ō
toku’s death, in which the narrator summarizes his life and
achievements:
On the twenty-second day of the second month of the twenty-ninth year
[of the reign], he passed away. He was forty years of age. From the empress
on down, all of the people of the realm were as sad as if they had lost their
mother or father. I’ve only told you about one ten-thousandth of his deeds.
Although there’s no need to enumerate them afresh, and although every-
one knows how laudable they were, I’ve been repeating them. Had the
Crown Prince not appeared in this world, we would have passed from dark-
ness into darkness, and long would we have spent in ignorance of the bud-
dhas and bodhisattvas. It’s said that three hundred years after Buddhism
was transmitted from India to China it was passed on to Paekche, and after
one hundred
it reached this land. At that time, had it not been for the power
of the Crown Prince, the people of this land would have followed Moriya’s
blasphemy!
89
Only Sh
ō
toku’s Buddhist accomplishments are acknowledged. This reaf-
firms
The Water Mirror
’s commitment, first and foremost, to a Buddhist
cosmology rather than to the external realities of interregional politics.
Figures such as Sh
ō
toku, who participate in exchanges that allow them
to interact with individuals from beyond Japan’s borders or to move back
and forth between Japan and other lands, are important in
The Water Mir-
ror
, not for sociopolitical reasons but rather for their significance in the
88. For the record of these events that is the basis for my description of each, see
Kuroita,
Fusō ryakki
, 41–43.
89. Kaneko e
t
al.,
Mizukagami zen chūshaku
, 212–13.
The translated portion is
from ibid., 213.
124
Deviant by Design
development of Japanese Buddhism. Thus, even exceptional figures do
little that would tie Japan to a larger regional political reality.
That said, worldly political borders are not entirely erased. Two no-
table counterexamples exist in
The Water Mirror
: the arrival of emissar-
ies from Silla during the reign of Empress Genmei (661–721) and Minis-
ter Kibi’s (695–775) trip to China during the reign of Emperor Sh
ō
mu.
The first is the most difficult to explain. There is no obvious reason for
providing an account of the emissaries’ presence in Japan, their unprece-
dented meeting with a minister, or their subsequent trip to the capital,
although it was a “boundlessly happy and awe-inspiring matter.”
90
As
though to justify this digression, the immortal narrator chimes in at the
close of the incident with the observation that “Princes and Ministers
must,
in keeping with the times, receive such visitors.
Nowadays,
I bet I
could chastise them for not meeting with a single foreigner face-to-face.”
91
With this inconclusive remark, the Korean peninsula again recedes be-
yond the boundaries of
Dostları ilə paylaş: