1 republic of uzbekistan ministry of higher and secondary specialised education

There are two 
types of etalon languages: 
1. Maximal etalon language 
is used when the whole language 
serves as etalon for comparison. For example, in the XVII-XVIII 
centuries Latin was used as etalon language while writing grammar 
books of different European languages. 
2.Minimal etalon language
is limited by some genetic or areal 
group of languages or even some grammatical or semantic categories 
can be used as etalon for comparison. 
Formal approach to
comparison.
Any typological analysis can 
be produced either in the way of description or by separate system of 
symbols. It is a formulated approach towards typological description. 
Such approach is mainly used in structural typology and mathematical 
linguistics. 
Content approach to comparision
. In linguistics two ways of 
approach towards the study of language phenomena are possible: 
1.From form to meaning. It is a traditional way used in linguistics, 
for ex.work-working; work-worked ; pen-pens; man-men; child-
children. 

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2.From meaning to form. This way i
S
quite new in linguistics. For 
example, we choose the meaning of age and then begin to define the 
way it is expressed in compared languages: opa-singil, aka-uka, yosh-
qari. 
Both of this phenomena are used in typology. Content approach 
means to compare languages on the basis of some preliminary chosen 
categorical meaning. 
One-level approach
to comparison
. The term "level isolation" 
was introduced to linguistics in the 19
th
century. All language 
phenomena were studied on one level of linguistic hierarchy, mainly on 
phonetic and morphological levels. This approach is still used in the 
process of typological correspondence.