1 republic of uzbekistan ministry of higher and secondary specialised education

тип,
logos-
учение
. General typology studies the problems of 
taxonomy, which studies the theory of classification and 
systematization on the basis of comparative method. This method is 
used not only in linguistics but in other branches of science, too. 
General typology is divided into linguistic typology and non-linguistic 
typology. 
Non-linguistic typology is used in all sciences besides linguistics, 
such as history, mathematics, chemistry, art, economy and others. 
Linguistic typology studies the language systems on the basis of 
comparison. Some linguists consider that linguistic typology is a branch 
of general linguistics, others consider that it is a self-dependent science 
about the language. But it has its own subject matter, its own methods, 
branches and history development. 
There are different approaches defining the aim, the parts and types 
of linguistic typology. It is an independent science, and has its own 
structure and methods of research. 
There are two approaches to language description: 1) internal 2) 
external. 
The first approach studies the system of any concrete national 
language. The second approach studies non- related systems , i. e. 
English-Uzbek, English-Russian and so on. 
Comparison of languages without historical development, in 
contrast to historical comparison, called the comparison of related and 
non-related languages, and from antiquity to ancient Europe 
(comparison of Greek and Latin) in ancient India (Sanskrit and Prakrit 
- Middle Indian languages’ comparison), in XI-XII centuries oriental 
linguistics (M. Kashgari and in M. Zamakhshari's dictionaries on the 
comparison of related and non-related languages ). Comparative 
Linguistics 

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in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in various districts of 
Europe and other parts of the world developed with the accumulation 
of research materials on related languages, paving the way for the 
emergence of comparative linguistics. 
The comparative method is historical linguistics concerned with 
the reconstruction of an earlier state of a language on the basis of a 
comparison of related words and expressions in different languages or 
dialects derived from it. Comparative method was developed in the 
course of the 19
th
century for the reconstruction of Proto- Indo- 
European and was subsequently applied to the study of other language 
families. Neogrammarians by the end of the 19
th
century had made the 
orthodox approach to historical linguistics. Changes in the 
phonological systems of languages through time were accounted in 
terms of sound laws. The most famous law is Grim’s law. 
The emergence of comparative-historical linguistics, first of all its 
comparative-historical grammar, is generally considered to be 
connected with the acquaintance of European linguists with Sanskrit in 
the late eighteenth century [for example, the German scholar F. 
Schlegel'swork (1808), the English scholar W. Jones' views on the 
relationship between Sanskrit and " classical languages " (Greek and 
Latin), and others. Basically, the major works on the basis of 
comparative linguistics appeared in the first quarter of the 19th century. 
German linguist F. Bopp's work on the system of Sanskrit and its 
comparison with the system of Greek, Latin, Persian and German 
(1816) and 3 volumes of Sanskrit, Zand (Avesto), Armenian, Greek, 
Latin, Lithuanian, Old Slavic, Goth and Comparative Grammar of the 
Germanic Languages ”(1833-52) and the Danish scholar R.K. Rusk's “ 
Research in the Ancient Northern Language or the Origin of the 
Icelandic Language ” ( 1818) are the first serious studies in the field of 
comparative linguistics. It should be noted that F.Bopp and R.K. Rusk, 
unaware of each other’s research, independently lay the foundation for 
comparative linguistics. The German linguist J. Grimm, with his four-
volume German Grammar (1819-37) and two-volume History of the 
German Language (1848), made a significant contribution in 
comparative linguistics and introduced the concept of history into 
linguistic methodology. 

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Typology may compare language systems panchronically though 
they are living or dead, besides, it may compare language systems 
synchronically and diachronically. 
When the linguist studies the language diachronically he deals with 
a certain period. Synchronic approach is a dynamic one. Linguisic 
typology is the analysis of languages not-limited in time. Linguistic 
typology compares the systems of genetically related and non-related 
languages. Linguistic typology is based on comparative historical 
philology which became a science or a branch of general linguistics. 
Yu. V. Rozhdestvensky says that languages should be considered as 
related or non-related according to their essence. 
The contributions of well-known linguists in the field of linguistic 
typology, such as Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky, B. A. Uspensky, V. G. Gak, 
G. P. Melnikov, J. B. Buranov, U. K. Yusupov, who have studied 
linguistic systems by comparison, are invaluable. 
Comparison may be substantial and non-substantial. Substantial 
comparison is a comparison of some concrete things of objects. Non-
substantial comparison is a comparison of systems and their elements. 
For example, we can compare the grammatical structure of different 
languages. 
Linguistic typology became a self-dependent science or a branch 
of general linguistics on the basis of Comparative Historical Philology. 
Yu. V. Rozdestvensky writes that languages are considered to be related 
or non-related according to their correspondence in substance . 
The linguists who studied the language systems in comparison are 
Yu. V. Rozdestvensky, B. A. Uspensky, V. G. Gak, G. P. Melnikov, J. 
B. Buranov, U. K. Yusupov and others. 
The subject matter of linguistic typology is still a disputable 
problem, because different scholars have their own understanding in 
this branch of linguistics. That's why there are several approaches 
towards this problem. 
The first: linguistic typology is a separate branch of science 
including all kinds of comparison. It is in broad sense. The second: 
linguistic typology is a part of linguistics, which is opposed to 
traditional comparativistics, characterology and areal linguistics. In this 
case it is identified with structural typology. 
The principal significance of linguistic typology is that the latter 
operates with the limitation of the number of compared languages. The 

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first group of linguists thinks that the number of languages under 
comparison should be unlimited. In such cases we deal with Linguistic 
Universals. The second group of scholars suggests that the number of 
compared languages should be limited by related languages. The third 
group of linguists thinks that the number of compared languages can be 
even two, including related or non-related languages. 
Linguistic typology may be classified according to the following 
criteria: 
1) according to the subject of comparison it consists of 
a. genetic typology 
b. areal typology 
c. comparative typology 
d. structural 
typology 
(typological 
theory, 
typological 
classification, etalon language, language universals). 
2) according to the levels of language hierarchy linguistic 
typology consists of 
a. theoretical typology 
b. phonological typology 
c. morphological typology 
d. syntactic typology 
e. lexical typology 
3) according to two plans of the language it consists of 
a. formal typology 
b. semantic typology