1 republic of uzbekistan ministry of higher and secondary specialised education

Structural typology
is one of the basic branches of linguistic 
typology which deals with the systematization and summarizing some 
general linguistic facts and establishing language universals. It is the 
major branch of linguisic typology and aims to identify universal 
features of languages. 
Structural typology consists of the following branches: 
1.
Linguistic universals 
2.
Etalon language 

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3.
Typological classification 
4.
Typological theory 
Linguistic universals
. Under this term scholars understand certain 
phenomenon or regularity which is common to all languages of the 
world or to their absolute majority. 
Linguistic universals are known long ago. In the ancient Greek 
grammars the grammatical system of this language was suggested as a 
model of categorization for all languages. That's why grammatical 
categories of case and gender used to be the main grammatical universal 
for all languages. 
In the 17
th
century French scholars Arnauld A. and Lanselot C. 
wrote their Universal or Rational Grammar of the Port-Royal 
concerning many Germanic languages. They compared phonetic, 
grammatical and logical categories which used to be the basis for 
creating grammar of different languages. Port-Royal Grammar is of 
great importance in linguisics, because it was the first work concerning 
language universals. 
The real language universals were produced in 1961 in the World 
Congress of Linguists by the group of American scholars such as John 
Greenberg, Lyle Jenkins and Charles Osgood. 
The problem of universals is connected with the process of 
unification of language facts and with elaboration of specific methods 
of discovering linguistic universals. Some scholars think that creation 
of full list of linguistic universals is the main task of linguistic typology. 
They may be of different types: synchronic and diachronic, absolute 
and statistic (полные, неполные ), deductive - inductive, simple and 
complex, universals of languages and of speech. They may be also 
attached to the levels of language hierarchy. 
Universals can be represented in the traditional way with the help 
of words or with special symbols. For example: 
1. If languages possess prepositions, they possess prefixes either. 
If they don't have prepositions, they lack prefixes. For example, the 
English and Russian languages have prepositions and they have 
prefixes either. Uzbek and other Turkic languages don't have native 
prefixes, but these languages have postpositions. 
2. If languages possess dual number, they possess plural number 
either. For example, in old English pronouns had singular, plural and 

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dual numbers, but in modern English there exist only: singular and 
plural. Dual number existed in Sanskrit, Greek and ancient Russian.