1 republic of uzbekistan ministry of higher and secondary specialised education

Etalon language
. It is a linguistic means with the help of which 
scholars fulfill the process of comparing languages. The notion etalon 
language is quite new which has been developed and elaborated by the 
Russian linguist B.A.Uspenskiy. He says that any language is based on 
the meta- language,which is the same as an etalon language to make 
transformations from it to real languages and back, from real languages 
to an etalon.(Uspenskiy B.A.,1965). It is still used for comparative 
purposes. For practical purposes etalon language can be divided into 
maximal and minimal. 
Maximal etalon language is the whole language with the highly 
developed structure, which is used for the purpose of comparison. For 
example, the Latin language was used as etalon for compiling many 
European grammars. Minimal etalon language can be expressed by: 
1.
A special abstract system made for comparison; 
2.
Some artificial language made for comparison; 
3.
Special linguistic methods; 
4.
Grammatical, 
lexical 
and 
other 
linguistic 
categories; 
5.Typological categories; 
6.Concrete language; 7.Semantic fields; 
8. Different features concerning the phonetic and grammatical 
pecularities. 
Typological classification. There are two types of classification of 
languages in linguistics: Genealogical, which studies etic units: 
concrete sounds, words, syntactic units and so on. According to this 
classification languages are grouped into the families, such as Indo-
European, Semitic, Altaic and so on. Typological classification is 
introduced by several linguists who treated languages not according to 
their genetic backgrounds, they are W. Humboldt, E. Sapir, F. 
Fortunatov. According to the opinion of these linguists languages are 
classified into 5 types: 
1.
Isolated 
2.
Agglutinated 
3.
Inflected 
4.
Polysynthetic 
5.
Agglutinated - inflecled. 

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The main criterion for this type of classification is the means of 
expression of synthetic relations among words in the sentence. 
According to their relations among the words in the sentence they may 
use different means, for example, inflections, function words, 
intonation, word order, sound interchange, stress and so on. 
Isolated type of languages is characterized by the absence of 
inflections and affixational morphemes expressing the relationship 
among the words in the sentence. This type includes ancient Chinese 
and other languages. It is characterized by the following features: 
a)
words are unchangeable 
b)
word formation is less developed 
c)
the main signal of grammar is word order 
d)
intonation may form new words and express grammatical 
meanings 
e)
words are not distributed into parts of speech 
While speaking about isolating type of languages we mean that the 
root of the word may express both the lexical and grammatical 
meanings. These types of languages have no grammatical suffixes, and 
word order expresses syntactic relations among the words in the 
sentence. 
Agglutinated type of languages is characterized by the following 
features: 
a)suffixes are monosemantic: uy