Farhad Salour Doctoral Thesis
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- List of Acronyms
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List of Symbols
m dielectric constant 0 c light velocity in vacuum l length of metal rod in TDR probe t travel time in TDR probe r M resilient modulus d deviator stress r resilient strain p permanent strain i k resilient modulus models material parameter a p atmospheric pressure, 100 kPa sum of the principal stresses (bulk stress) 3 2 1 , , principal stresses oct octahedral shear stress opt r M resilient modulus at optimum moisture content a minimum value of the ratio opt r r M M b maximum value of the ratio opt r r M M s k regression parameter S degree of saturation ( r S ) opt S degree of saturation at optimum moisture content ( opt r S ) a u pore-air pressure w u pore-water pressure m matric suction ( ) i d surface deflection measured at i mm distance from the centre of loading plate in FWD test T E stiffness of HMA at temperature T ref T E stiffness of HMA at temperature 10 ref T C b constant for the HMA stiffness model T temperature of HMA layer ref T reference temperature for HMA layer 10 ref T ° C sat w u pore-water pressure build-up under saturated condition 0 m initial matric suction m relative change in matric suction ) ( w volumetric water content at matric suction ) ( C correction factor for Fredlund and Xing SWCC model r soil matric suction at residual condition vi f a model parameter for Fredlund and Xing SWCC model f n model parameter for Fredlund and Xing SWCC model f m model parameter for Fredlund and Xing SWCC model 0 p reference pressure, 100 kPa 2 R coefficient of determination 2 adj R adjusted coefficient of determination w gravimetric water content ( c W ) opt w optimum gravimetric water content p hydrostatic stress 3000 ˆ p accumulated permanent strain at 3000 th load cycles in the RLT test 5000 ˆ p accumulated permanent strain at 5000 th load cycles in the RLT test p ˆ accumulated permanent strain N number of load applications q cyclic deviator stress 0 material parameter of the Tseng and Lytton model material parameter of the Tseng and Lytton model material parameter of the Tseng and Lytton model 0 material parameter of the Gidel et al. model B material parameter of the Gidel et al. model u material parameter of the Gidel et al. model max L a parameter of the Gidel et al. model expressed as 2 max 2 max max q p L max p maximum applied hydrostatic stress f q deviator stress at failure m slope of the Mohr-Coulomb failure line in q p space s intercept of the Mohr-Coulomb failure line in q p space C material parameter of the Korkiala-Tanttu model c material parameter for determination of the b parameter for the Korkiala- Tanttu model d material parameter for determination of the b parameter for the Korkiala- Tanttu model b material parameter of the Korkiala-Tanttu model R ratio of the applied deviator stress to the deviator stress at failure, determined using static triaxial tests A parameter of the Korkiala-Tanttu model usually taken as 1.05 vii i stress path number i N total number of load applications at the end of the i th stress path eq i N equivalent number of load applications N p ˆ accumulated permanent strain after N number of load applications pi ˆ accumulated permanent strain at the end of the i th stress path q cyclic deviator stress max d maximum dry unit weight viii ix List of Acronyms AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials APT Accelerated Pavement Test BCI Base Curvature Index BDI Base Damage Index CCP Constant Confinement Pressure FE Finite Element FWD Falling Weight Deflectometer GPR Ground Penetrating Radar GW Groundwater HAE High Air-Entry HMA Hot Mix Asphalt HVS Heavy Vehicle Simulator LTPP Long-Term Pavement Performance LVDT Linear Variable Differential Transformer MC Moisture Content MEPDG Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide PI Plasticity Index PVC Pressure-Volume Controller RLT Repeated Load Triaxial RMSD Root-Mean-Square Deviation SCI Surface Curvature Index SG Specific Gravity SPA Seismic Pavement Analyser SSE Sum of Squared Errors SSI Structural Strength Index SWCC Soil-Water Characteristic Curve TDR Time Domain Reflectometry USCS Unified Soil Classification System VCP Variable Confinement Pressure x |