Prof Ashurova D. U., associate professor Normurodova N. Z. Course of lectures

Key Words:
Types of Speech, Lexical Stylistic Device, Lexical meaning, 
Metaphor, Metonymy.
 
TYPES OF SPEECH 
The communication takes place in different forms and situations. According to 
the situation in which the communication proceeds we distinguish two types of speech: 
oral and written which are characterised by a number of typical features. 
The oral communication proceeds in the presence of interlocutor, the main form of it is 
a dialogue. The written com- 
munication, does not require any interlocutor, its main form is a monologue. 
The oral type of speech is more expressive and emotional. It involves such 
powerful means of expressiveness as gestures, mimicry, intonation, pitch, melody, 
stress and the others, which apart from language means can express much: joy or 
sorrow, hate or love, consent or denial. As Bernard Shaw said: There are 500 ways of 
saying "no" but only one way to put it down. 
The oral types of speech differs from the written language phonetically, 
morphologically, lexically and syntactically. 
1. Of morphological forms the spoken language commonly uses contracted 
forms: can't, shan't. I'll, don't, won't and so on, which are dictated by a quick tempo of 
the oral type of speech. 
2. At the lexical there is a number of peculiarities typical of the oral type: 
1) a great number of words and phrases typically colloquial: kid, chap, daddy are 
used in colloquial speech to introduce statements. 
2) the use of special words and phrases which are used in colloquial speech to 
introduce statements. For example the use of interjection why, which can express 
objection, reflection, impatience, surprise. Why, his just being in a lab is a prayer. 

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"Say", "I say", "Look here" are also used at the beginning of a sentence to call 
attention to what is about to follow, sometimes it is used as an exclamation, thus tending 
to become an interjection. 
Say, if you don't like the way we study medicine. Look here! We don't tell you 
how you ought to work. 
3. The use of cut words - curtails: phone, lab, gent, prof, doc, dele, bike, exam 
and so on. 
4. There is another characteristic feature of colloquial language, that is, the 
insertion into the utterance of words without any meaning which are called "fill ups" or 
empty words. To some extend they give a touch of completing to the sentence if used at 
the end of it, or if used in the middle, help the speaker to fill the gap when unable to 
find the proper word. Such words and set expressing as: well, so to say, you know, you 
understand, you see belong to the category of "fill ups". 
The syntactical peculiarities of the spoken language are the following: 
1) Elliptical sentences i. e. sentences in which one or several parts of a sentence 
are felt as missing. Elliptical sentences are considered to be the norm of oral intercourse. 
The missing parts are easily guessed because the situation in which the conversation 
takes place suggests them. Many elliptical sentences, being wildly used in the language, 
have become set expressions such as: 
See you tomorrow Happy to meet you Pity you didn't come Ready ? Most proper 
and others. However, when elliptical sentences are used in the written type of speech 
they become special stylistic devices aimed at making the utterance emphatic. 
With such purpose elliptical sentences are frequently used in poetry and are therefore 
regarded as a peculiarity of poetical syntax. 
2) Typical feature of colloquial excited speech is the use of two subjects, a 
tautological subject. It is a construction in which two subjects are used, where one is 
sufficient, one is a noun and the other - a pronoun, for the same verb. Usually the 
pronoun is placed at the beginning, and the proper noun at the end, thus framing the 
whole sentence: He is a brute of a man, is John. She is a queer girl, is Mary. Oh, that 
man, he is so poor. 
It should be noted that taught to logical subject when used in narrative, in the 
written type of speech, assumes a new quality - that of a stylistic device. 
3) The use of unfinished sentences: if you don't come Fit - the end is understood 
from the situation. 
4) Another characteristic feature of the oral type of speech is the use of questions 
in the form of a statement: You have been to school ? You go to the institute ? The 
question is understood as such only by the intonation which in its turn is implied by the 
question mark. 
As it has been mentioned the spoken language is far more emotional than the 
written. This emotionless is manifested in: 
1. intonation. 
2. structural design of the utterances, the use of exclamatory sentences, which are 
a signal of emotional tension, one-member sentences, elliptical sentences. 

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3. the use of interjections, which are charged with emotive meaning. Any 
sentence that contains interjections will be marked as emotionally coloured. 
The peculiarities of the written type of speech are predetermined by the conditions 
in which this type of communication takes place. The written type of speech is not 
spontaneous. It is directed to a full and detailed expression of the thought, which is 
achieved by different lexical and syntactical means: 
1) the written type of speech is characterised by logically completed sentences, 
with all kinds of attribute, and adverbial clauses, by complicated sentence-units, long 
periods; 
2) the words and word combinations of the written language belong to a special 
layer of the English vocabulary, which is cat-led "space wasters". These are: despite 
the/act, in the matter of, a long period of time, on the one hand, and on the other hand, 
met with the approval and so on. 
Stylistic device is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical 
structural or semantic language unit that becomes a generative model. It follows then 
that a stylistics device is an abstract pattern into which any content can be poured. 
According to the structural hierarchy of language levels, the following groups of 
SD are distinguished: 
1. lexical SD. 
2. lexico-syntactical SD. 
3. syntactical SD. 
4. phonetic SD. 
The most essential feature of the word is that it expresses the concept of a word or a 
phenomena through its form and meanings. There are 3 types of lexical meanings: 
1.
logical meaning (dictionary); 
2.
nominative meaning; 
3.
emotive meaning. 
Logical meaning is an expression of the concept of the given thing or phenomenon. 
One word is capable to have more than one meaning and this capacity is called 
polysemy. All the meanings of a word form its semantic structure. Within the semantic 
structure of a polysemantic word we differentiate primary logical meaning and 
secondary logical meaning. Logical meanings are further divided into: 1) independent 
logical meaning; 2) dependent logical meaning. Dependent logical meaning can be 
understood only in a context. This meaning is called contextual. 
Emotive meaning serves to express one’s individual attitude to the thing or idea. In 
English there are certain words which have only emotive meaning. They are: Alas, By 
god, goodness, fine, beautiful, nasty, awful etc.. 
The third type of meaning is called nominal meaning. There is a great difference 
between common nouns and proper nouns. Common nouns not only name the thing but 
signify them. Proper nouns only name things or human beings. Sometimes common 
nouns can become proper nouns. Sometimes the reverse process takes place. (smith -
Mr Smith; hooligan). Nominal meaning is frequently used by writers as a special 
stylistic device, which is based on a peculiar interplay of two meanings: logical and 
nominal. 

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Thus, Lexical Stylistic Devices are based on a peculiar use or interaction of lexical 
meanings within a word or word combination. 
The interplay of the primary dictionary meaning and a meaning which is imposed on 
the word by a micro-context may be traced along different lines. 
One line is when the author identifies two objects which have nothing in common, 
but he subjectively sees a function, or a property, or a feature, or a quality that may 
make the reader perceive these two objects as identical. 
Another line when the author finds it possible to substitute one object for another on 
the grounds that there is some kind of interrelation between the two corresponding 
objects. 
The first case is the mechanism of creation of metaphors, the second – metonymies.