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II.
The container instead of the thing contained:
1.the hall applauded
2.the kettle boils
3.Tell him our home cries out for him
III.
The relation of proximity as in:
The round game table was boisterous and happy.
IV.
The next type of relation reveals the relation between the whole and a part.
This type of metonymy is called synecdoche. In this case a part is used for the whole,
or the individual for
a definite one, or singular for plural.
e.g.
Return to her?
No rather abjure all roofs and choose...
To be a comrade with the wolf and owl
...
Here the word «roofs» stands for «houses» or a place to live in, or a «shelter». «Wolf
«for «wolves» or even for «wild beasts», owl for «owls» or rather for «birds» in the
woods.
Other examples:
She has no roof over her head
You 've got a nice fox on you
V.
The sign for the thing signified:
1. The messenger was not long in returning followed by a pair of heavy boots that
came bumping along the passage. / Dickens /
2.
The one in brown suit gaped at her. Blue suit grinned, might even have winked
But big nose in the grey suit still stared - and he had small angry eyes and did
not even smile.
VI.
A relation between a thing and the material out of which it is made.
e.g.
The steel shines to defend
Never in her life had she worn any gold.
Here «gold» stands for rings, bracelets, and other adornments made of gold.
VII.
The instrument which the doer uses in performing the action instead of the
action or the doer himself.
1.As the sword is the worst argument that can be used, so should it be the last. / Byron/
2.Give every man thine ear and few thy voice./ Shakespeare /
3.His pen knows no compromise.
VIII.
Author
for his work
e.g.
I read Shakespeare. He reads Byron.
Metonymy is expressed by nouns or substantives numerals
e.g.
She was a pale and fresh eighteen, The man looked a rather old forty-five.
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Metonymy, like all stylistic devices can be genuine and trite. Genuine metonymy is a
SD. It reveals a quite unexpected substitution of one word for another, of one concept
for another.
e.g.
Then they came in. Two of them a man with long fair moustache and a silent
dark man... Definitely, the moustache and I had nothing in common,
/ D. Lessing /
In this example man's facial appearance- «the moustache stands for the man himself.
The function of the metonymy here is to indicate that the speaker knows nothing of
the man in question, moreover there is a definite implication that this is the first time the
speaker has seen him.
Trite metonymy belongs to expressive means of the language. They are not stylistic
devices. They are widely used in speech and therefore
are sometimes even fixed in
dictionaries. Due to trite metonymies new meanings appear in the language.
e.g.
the press - the personnel connected with publishing establishment; a hand - a
worker; the cradle - infancy .
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