Questions 1-10 Complete the table below. Write one word and / or a number

31 YES: The writer explains that ‘They [= Kidder and 
his team] saw for the first time [= they revealed 
something that was previously unknown] that it 
consisted of neat layers of differently coloured 
earth.’ 
32 YES: The writer tells us that ‘It rains a lot around 
Poverty Point, and we know that fluctuations
[= changes] in temperature and increased flooding 
eventually led to its abandonment [= people 
moving away from Poverty Point].’
33 B: In the third paragraph, the writer tells us that an 
enormous quantity of earth was needed to build 
Mound A – that it would take 32,000 truckloads if 
the same mound was built today. She mentions the 
lack of machinery to support the point that a huge 
number of people (approximately 3,000) would 
have been required to build a mound of this size. 
 Distraction 
A We can assume that the builders had 
some knowledge of how to build a mound in layers, 
but we are only told that they used baskets to carry 
the earth. The writer doesn’t mention anything 
about technical or special engineering methods; 
C We can assume that moving earth from other 
locations to Poverty Point was a challenge, but the 
writer does not specifically say that they chose the 
wrong place to build their monument; D Kidder 
estimates that it would have taken 30–90 days to 
build the mound. While this is remarkable, the 
writer does not suggest she thinks it is impossible. 
Her only question is ‘Why would people choose to 
do this?’
34 C: In the fourth paragraph, we are told that through 
statue making, the groups living on Easter Island 
had ‘peaceful interactions’ and that they shared 
information. Because of this, ‘daily existence 
became less of a challenge’ and they no longer 
needed to work together.
 Distraction 
A The writer explains that the ‘prevailing 
idea’ [= the most common and accepted belief] 
was that the Easter Islanders had used logs [= trees 
which had been cut down] to transport their statues. 
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But we are told that Lipo doesn’t agree with this 
idea; B Although we are told that Easter Island was 
deforested and the human population collapsed
[= environmental challenges], there is no 
comparison between remote communities like 
those on Easter Island and societies in other areas; 
D Lipo believes that people ‘walked’ the statues into 
place by using ropes and manpower. This is only 
one method.
35 D: The writer says ‘The apparent disposability of
these monuments [= the way these monuments 
seem to have been built just to last for a short time] 
makes sense if the main aim was building a team 
rather than a lasting [= permanent] structure.’ 
 Distraction 
A We are told that ‘the workers filled 
in the enclosures with broken rock and built new 
ones’ but the writer does not say this occurred as a 
result of disagreement. Instead the writer suggests 
this took place because people enjoyed working 
together, and did not want their cooperative 
construction work to come to an end; B: We are only 
told that ‘many bones’ were found in the enclosures 
– probably because the workers at Göbekli Tepe had
eaten meat during a feast. We aren’t told whether
any animal species really declined in number; C
The writer refers to Göbekli Tepe as a temple and
explains that this temple was made up of nine
enclosures. There is no information about the
enclosures being used for different functions, only
that they were destroyed and rebuilt.
36 C: ‘The sceptics [= the people who doubt Lipo’s 
theory] include Tristram Kidder. For him, the 
interesting question is not “Did cooperative building 
promote group survival” [= Lipo’s theory, and in 
Kidder’s opinion, a possible 
consequence
of the 
building work] but what did the builders
 think
they 
were doing? [= what was their 
intention
?].’
 Distraction 
A Kidder disagrees with Lipo’s theory, as 
do a number of other researchers; B We are told that 
in Kidder’s opinion, the Poverty Point monument 
was built as a pilgrimage site – a place where 
people came to worship. There is no information 
about whether this was his original opinion or not; 
D Kidder seems to have the opposite opinion: ‘All 
human behaviour comes down to a pursuit of food 
and self-preservation, he says.’
37 D: ‘Another is “leaving no trace” [= no evidence in 
the desert], meaning that whatever festival-goers 
create [= human activities] they destroy before 
departing.’
38 A: ‘Wilson says there is evidence that such 
cooperative ventures matter more [= are more 
important] today than ever because we are 
dependent on [= rely on] a wider range of people 
than our ancestors were. Food, education, security 
[= our basic needs]: all are provided by people 
beyond our family group.’
39 F: ‘“This [= building parks together] brought 
people together and enabled them to cooperate 
in numerous other contexts,” he explains. This 
included helping with repairs after a series of floods 
[= emergency situations] in 2011.’
40 E: ‘Her [= Fiske’s] research shows, for example, that 
they [= community projects] can help break down
[= change/destroy] the ill-informed views that
people hold towards others they have observed
but do not usually interact with [= negative 
stereotypes/impressions].’