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ixcham va ritmik tuzilgan bo’lib, nafaqat donolikni ifodalab qolmay, balki inson
o’y fikrlarining aksidir. Shirli L. Arora o’zining “The Perception of Proverbiality”
asarida maqollarni qadim xalq tilidan yetib kelgan va xalqning ananaviy urf-
odatlarini avlodlarga ko’rsatuvchi timsol sifatida keltiradi. U olimlar fikriga
qo’shilgan holda Taylor va Seytellarning maqollar haqidagi qarashlarini o’z
asarida keltirib o’tadi. “Most definitions, to be sure, reflect the scholar's
concern
for proverbs as an analytical category; they are attempts to answer the question, as
Seitel puts it, "How does one recognize that which he is going to study?" Even in
Archer Taylor's oft-quoted-and sometimes criticized-statement to the effect that
"an incommunicable quality tells us this sentence is proverbial and that one is not,"
the "us" is, by implication, the community of proverb scholars, for Taylor goes on
to remark that "those who do not speak a language can never recognize all its
proverbs, and similarly much that is truly proverbial escapes us in Elizabethan and
older English." Still, traditionality--whether considered in terms of age or
currency--tends to be central to the delineation of the proverb as an ethnic genre
also” [4; 2-4 b.]. Yuqorida keltirilgan fikrlardan shuni anglash mumkinki, maqollar
xalqning donoligini ifodalovchi va hamisha avlodlarga meros qoluvchi janrdir.
Maqollarning mualliflari bo’lmaganidek, ularning
qachon va qay paytda paydo
bo’lgani ham aniq emas. Archer Teylor o’zining asarlaridan birida ya’ni "The
Origins of the Proverb" deb nomlangan bobida shunday fikrlarni keltirgan: "The
acceptance or rejection by tradition which follows immediately upon the creation
of the proverb is a factor in its making quite as important
as the first act of
invention”. "The acceptance or rejection by the hearer," for it is with the individual
hearer that "tradition" begins and - with each successive performance - will be
either extended or cut short. By exploring in greater detail the mechanisms
underlying the perception of proverbiality, we will be enlarging our understanding
of an aspect of the proverb that is indeed "quite as important as the first act of
invention" [36; 3 b.]. Ingliz olimlari tomonidan maqollarning har xil xususiyatlari
ko’rib chiqilgan va takliflar keltirilgan. Maqollar bo’yicha ko’p izlanishlar olib
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borgan olimlardan biri sifatida Norrikni aytib o’tishimiz mumkin. Uning maqollar
bo’yicha qilgan eng sara isharidan biri turli xil olimlarning fikrlarini to’plab,
o’zaro qiyoslab, aniqroq xulosalarga kelganidir. U maqollarning o’ziga xos
xususiyatlari haqida to’xtalar ekan, ular haqida aniqroq tushunchalarga kelish
kerakligini aytib o’tadi. Bular quyidagicha: Proverbs are self-contained (Maqollar
tayyor strukturli gaplar). Seyler maqollardagi mustaqil va o’ziga xos tuzulishni
ta’kidlab o’tadi. Uning fikricha maqollar garmmatik jihatdan o’zgarmas
strukturaga ega bo’lib, maqollardagi so’zlarning o’rnini bir- biri bilan alamashtirib
bo’lmaydi. Norik bu fikrlarga qo’shilgan holda shunday deydi: "Seiler introduces
this definitional criterion solely to distinguish proverbs from proverbial phrases”
[27; 23 b.]. Demak, Norik Seylerni fikrini ma’qullagan holda shu qarorga keladiki,
maqollar grammatik jihatdan qattiq strukturaga ega bo’lib,
ularda ishlatilgan
iboralar bunga misol bo’la oladi. Chunki maqollarda ko’pincha iboralar ishlatilishi
ham ulardagi ma’lum qolip shakllanganini ko’rsatadi va ibora bilan maqol
o’rtasidagi farqlarni ham aytib o’tadi.
• Proverbs are (propositional) statement (Maqollar axborotlardir). Norik
maqollar mavjud voqea yoki hodisaning axborotchisi deydi va olimlardan biri
keltirgan fikrni beradi”. Abrahams is perhaps more precise in requiring the proverb
to be a full statement”.
• Proverbs are (grammatical) sentences (Maqollar (grammatik) gaplardir).
Maqollar grammatik strukturaga ega gaplardir va uning bu xususiyatlarini
o’rganish ham ingliz olimlari e’tiboridan chetda qolmagan.
Teylorning fikricha
maqollar xuddi gaplardek tugal bo’lishi shart. Bundan tashqari Abrahams, Honek
va Mayderlar ham ushbu fikrlarni qo’llab quvvatlaganlar. Masalan: “
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