sand comes to rest when it reaches just the right steepness to keep the dune stable. This angle,
usually about 30-34°, is called the angle of repose. Every pile of loose particles has a unique
angle of repose, depending upon the properties of the material it’s made of, such as the grain
size and roundness. Ripples grow into dunes with the increase of wind and sand input.
F
The repeating cycle of sand inching up the windward side to the dune crest, then slipping
down the dune’s slip face allows the dune to inch forward, migrating in the direction the wind
blows. As you might guess, all of this climbing then slipping leaves its mark on the internal
structure of the dune. The image on the right shows fossil sand dune structure preserved in the
Merced Formation at Fort Funston, Golden Gate National Recreation Area. The sloping lines or
laminations you see are the preserved slip faces of a migrating sand dune. This structure is
called cross-bedding and can be the result of either wind or water currents. The larger the
cross-bedded structure, however, the more likely it is to be formed by wind, rather than water.
G
Sand dunes can “sing” at a level up to 115 decibels and generate sounds in different notes. The
dunes at Sand Mountain n Nevada usually sing in a low C but can also sing in B and C sharp.
The La Mar de Dunas in Chile hum in F while those at the Ghord Lahmar in Morocco howl in G
sharp. The sounds are produced by avalanches of sand generated by blowing winds. For a
while, it was thought that the avalanches caused the entire dune to resonate like a flute or
violin but if that were true then different size dunes would produce different notes. In the mid
2000s, American, French and Moroccan scientists visiting sand dunes in Morocco, Chile, China
and Oman published a paper in the Physical Review Letters that determined the sounds were
produced by collisions between grains of sand that caused the motions of the grains to become
synchronized, causing the outer layer of a dune to vibrate like the cone of a loudspeaker,
producing sound. The tone of the sounds depended primarily on the size of the grains.
H
Scientists performed a computer simulation on patterns and dynamics of desert dunes in
laboratory. Dune patterns observed in deserts were reproduced. From the initial random state,
stars and linear dunes are produced, depending on the variability of the wind direction. The
efficiency in sand transport is calculated through the course of development. Scientists found
that the sand transport is the most efficient in the linear transverse dune. The efficiency in sand
transport always increased through the evolution, and the way it increases was stepwise. They
also found that the shadow zone, the region where the sand wastes the chance to move,
shrinks through the course of evolution, which greatly helps them build a model to simulate a
sand move.
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