Solution:
1
i
2
v
3
x
4
vii
5
ix
6
ii
7
vi
8
iv
9
B
10
C
11
B
12
G
13
H
14
D
15
D
16
B
17
A
18
C
19
FALSE
20
NOT GIVEN
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21
TRUE
22
NOT GIVEN
23
B
24
D
25
C
26
D
27
C
28
spelling and pronunciation
29
500 years
30
exact date
31
shape and dimensions
32
patent
33
jazz
34
fans
35
5,000 years
36
visual depictions
37
the lute
38
authenticity
39
luthiers
40
solid-body
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page 16
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IELTS Mock Test 2023 May
Reading Practice Test 4
HOW TO USE
You have 2 ways to access the test
1. Open this URL
http://link.intergreat.com/8crW9
on your computer
2. Use your mobile device to scan the QR code attached
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13
Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage
1 below.
page 1
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Can Scientists tell us: What happiness is?
A
Economists accept that if people describe themselves as happy, then they are happy. However,
psychologists differentiate between levels of happiness. The most immediate type involves a
feeling; pleasure or joy. But sometimes happiness is a judgment that life is satisfying, and does
not imply an emotional state. Esteemed psychologist Martin Seligman has spearheaded an
effort to study the science of happiness. The bad news is that we’re not wired to be happy. The
good news is that we can do something about it. Since its origins in a Leipzig laboratory 130
years ago, psychology has had little to say about goodness and contentment. Mostly
psychologists have concerned themselves with weakness and misery. There are libraries full of
theories about why we get sad, worried, and angry. It hasn’t been respectable science to study
what happens when lives go well. Positive experiences, such as joy, kindness, altruism and
heroism, have mainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing with anxiety or
depression, only one concerns a positive trait.
B
A few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alice Isen of Cornell
University and colleagues have demonstrated how positive emotions make people think faster
and more creatively. Showing how easy it is to give people an intellectual boost, Isen divided
doctors making a tricky diagnosis into three groups: one received candy, one read humanistic
statements about medicine, one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed
the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Inspired by Isen and others, Seligman
got stuck in. He raised millions of dollars of research money and funded 50 research groups
involving 150 scientists across the world. Four positive psychology centres opened, decorated
in cheerful colours and furnished with sofas and baby-sitters. There were get-togethers on
Mexican beaches where psychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then form “pods” to
discuss subjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapists were coached in the new
science.
C
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But critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the point of defining levels of
haziness and classifying the virtues? Aren’t these concepts vague and impossible to pin down?
Can you justify spending funds to research positive states when there are problems such as
famine, flood and epidemic depression to be solved? Seligman knows his work can be belittled
alongside trite notions such as “the power of positive thinking”. His plan to stop the new
science floating “on the waves of self- improvement fashion” is to make sure it is anchored to
positive philosophy above, and to positive biology below.
D
And this takes us back to our evolutionary past Homo sapiens evolved during the Pleistocene
era (1.8 m to 10,000 years ago), a time of hardship and turmoil. It was the Ice Age, and our
ancestors endured long freezes as glaciers formed, then ferocious floods as the ice masses
melted. We shared the planet with terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized
ground sloths and sabre-toothed cats. But by the end of the Pleistocene, all these animals were
extinct. Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large brains and used their intelligence to
make fire and sophisticated tools, to develop talk and social rituals. Survival in a time of
adversity forged our brains into a persistent mould. Professor Seligman says: “Because our
brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain. The way the
brain works is looking for what’s wrong. The problem is, that worked in the Pleistocene era. It
favoured you, but it doesn’t work in the modem world”.
E
Although most people rate themselves as happy, there is a wealth of evidence to show that
negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche. Experiments show that we
remember failures more vividly than success. We dwell on what went badly, not what went
well. Of the six universal emotions, four anger, fear, disgust and sadness are negative and only
one, joy, is positive. (The sixth, surprise, is neutral). According to the psychologist Daniel Nettle,
author of Happiness, and one of the Royal Institution lectures, the negative emotion each tells
us “something bad has happened” and suggest a different course of action.
F
What is it about the structure of the brain that underlies our bias towards negative thinking?
And is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University, neuroscientist studied what happens when
people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When subjects see landscapes or dolphins
playing, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown
unpleasant images a bird covered in oil, or a dead soldier with part of his face missing the
response comes from more primitive parts of the brain. The ability to feel negative emotions
derives from an ancient danger-recognition system formed early in the brain’s evolution. The
pre-frontal cortex, which registers happiness, is the part used for higher thinking, an area that
evolved later in human history.
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G
Our difficulty, according to Daniel Nettle, is that the brain systems for liking and wanting are
separate. Wanting involves two ancient regions the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens that
communicate using the chemical dopamine to form the brain’s reward system. They are
involved in anticipating the pleasure of eating and in addiction to drugs. A rat will press a bar
repeatedly ignoring sexually available partners, to receive electrical stimulation of the
“wanting” parts of the brain. But having received brain stimulation, the rat eats more but shows
no sign of enjoying the food it craved. In humans, a drug like nicotine produces much craving
but little pleasure.
H
In essence, what the biology lesson tells us is that negative emotions are fundamental to the
human condition and it’s no wonder they are difficult to eradicate. At the same time, by a trick
of nature, our brains are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness.
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