Pollution! In the Bay
A
Pouring water into the sea sounds harmless enough. But in Florida Bay, a large and shallow
section of the Gulf of Mexico that lies between the southern end of the Everglades and the
Florida Keys, it is proving highly controversial. That is because researchers are divided over
whether it will help or hinder the plants and animals that live in the bay.
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What is at risk is the future of the bay’s extensive beds of seagrasses. These grow on the bay’s
muddy floor and act as nurseries for the larvae of shrimps, lobsters and fish – many of the
important sport and commercial-fishing species. Also in danger is an impressive range of coral
reefs that run the length of the Florida Keys and form the third-largest barrier reef in the world.
Since the 1980s, coral cover has dropped by 40%, and a third of the coral species have gone.
This has had a damaging effect on the animals that depend on the reef, such as crabs, turtles
and nearly 600 species of fish.
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What is causing such ecological change is a matter of much debate. And the answer is of no
small consequence. This is because the American government is planning to devote $8 billion
over the next 30 years to revitalise the Everglades. Seasonal freshwater flows into the
Everglades are to be restored in order to improve the region’s health. But they will then run off
into the bay.
D
Joseph Zieman, a marine ecologist at the University of Virginia, thinks this is a good idea. He
believes that a lack of fresh water in the bay is its main problem. The blame, he says, lies with a
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century of drainage in the Everglades aimed at turning the marshes into farmland and areas for
development. This has caused the flow of fresh water into Florida Bay to dwindle, making the
water in the bay, overall, more saline. This, he argues, kills the seagrasses, and as these rots,
nutrients are released that feed the microscopic plants and animals that live in the water. This,
he says, is why the bay’s once crystal-clear waters often resemble pea soup. And in a vicious
circle, these turbid blooms block out sunlight, causing more seagrasses to die and yet more
turbidity.
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Brian Lapointe, a marine scientist at the Harbour Branch Oceanographic Institution at Fort
Pierce in Florida, disagrees. He thinks seagrasses can tolerate much higher levels of salinity
than the bay actually displays. Furthermore, he notes that when freshwater flows through the
Everglades were increased experimentally in the 1990s, it led to massive plankton blooms.
Freshwater running off from well-fertilised farmlands, he says, caused a fivefold rise in nitrogen
levels in the bay. This was like pouring fuel on a fire. The result was mass mortality of
seagrasses because of increased turbidity from the plankton. Dr Lapointe adds that, because
corals thrive only in waters where nutrient levels are low, restoring freshwater rich in nitrogen
will do more damage to the reef.
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It is a plausible theory. The water flowing off crops that are grown on the750,000 acres of
heavily fertilised farmland on the northern edge of the Everglades is rich in nitrogen, half of
which ends up in the bay. But Bill Kruczynski, of America’s Environmental Protection Agency, is
convinced that nitrogen from farmlands is not the chief problem. Some coral reefs well away
from any nitrogen pollution are dying and, curiously, a few are thriving. Dr Kruczynski thinks
that increased nutrients arriving from local sewage discharges from the thousands of cesspits
along the Florida Keys are part of the problem.
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Such claims and counterclaims make the impact of the restoration plan difficult to predict. If
increased salinity is the main problem, the bay’s ecology will benefit from the Everglades
restoration project. If, however, nitrogen is the problem, increasing the flow of freshwater could
mate matters much worse.
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If this second hypothesis proves correct, the cure is to remove nitrogen from farmland or
sewage discharges, or perhaps both. Neither will be easy. Man-made wetlands, at present,
being built to reduce phosphate runoff into the bay—also from fertilisers—would need an algal
culture (a sort of contained algal bloom) added to them to deal with discharges from farmlands.
That would be costly. So too would be the replacement of cesspits with proper sewerage—one
estimate puts the cost at $650m. Either way, it is clear that when, on December 1st, 3,000
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square miles of sea around the reef are designated as a “protective zone” by the deputy
secretary of commerce, Sam Bodman, this will do nothing to protect the reef from pollution.
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Some argue, though, that there is a more fundamental flaw in the plans for the bay: the very
idea of returning it to a Utopian ideal before man wrought his damage. Nobody knows what
Florida Bay was like before the 1950s when engineers cut the largest canals in the Everglades
and took most of the water away. Dr Kruczynski suspects it was more like an estuary. The bay
that many people wish to re-create could have been nothing more than a changing phase in the
bay’s history.
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These arguments do not merely threaten to create ecological problems but economic ones as
well. The economy of the Florida Keys depends on tourism—the local tourist industry has an
annual turnover of $2.5 billion. People come for fishing-boat trips, for manatee watching, or for
scuba diving and snorkeling to view the exotically coloured corals. If the plan to restore the
Everglades makes problems in the bay and the reef worse, it could prove a very expensive
mistake.
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