RELATED LITERATURES ABOUT DETERMINANT FACTORS
“When do firms pay dividends?” is a big issue from the perspective of both management and
shareholders as it may effect management’s future activities and shareholders’ investment decisions as
well. Baker and Powell (1999) got positive responses from the chief financial officers of US firms
listed on the NYSE where most respondents believe that dividend policy affects firm value. A number
of factors affect dividend payout decisions. DeAngelo and DeAngelo (2006) stated that optimal payout
policy of a firm is motivated by the need to distribute the firm’s free cash flow. DeAngelo, DeAngelo,
and Stulz (2006) found the tendency of positive relation of dividend payments to the ratio of retained
earnings to total equity. Moreover, Denis and Osobov (2008) also examined dividend payout in six
countries and discovered that the possibility of paying dividends is strongly related with the ratio of
retained earnings to total equity. In addition, Attah-Botchwey (2014) found in his study that with the
increase in dividend payment share price also increases due to high demand of shares and vice versa.
In their study Fama and French (2001) found the possibility of paying dividends is connected to firm
size, growth opportunities, and profitability. Being motivated by the study of Ranajee, et.al. (2018),
this study has been conducted based on some firm- specific factors. Authors mentioned about seven
firm-specific characteristics (Firm size; Leverage; Profitability; Firms’ age; Growth; Cash Holdings
and Non-promoters non-institutional (NPNI) holdings) on which payout policy depends on. This
study focuses on six factors considering convenience of data. Literatures related to those factors has
been presented below:
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Firm size: Firm size is a measure of financial strength of firms to continue the normal course of
actions and to shield both present and future adverse situations as the big the size of a firm is the better
flexibility it enjoys in managing financial constraints. Lloyd et al. (1985) and Vogt (1994) stated about
high dividend payouts of large firms as they have access to external capital markets and need not to
rely on internal financing for dividend payout decisions. Mota (2007) also stated that large and mature
firms tend to pay more dividends. Results of previous studies by Renneboog & Trojanowski (2011);
Moh’d et al., (1995) also revealed that large companiess are expected to pay dividends more than the
smaller companies. Kajola et al (2015) also found significant positive relationship between firm size
and dividend payout policy, which is consistent with the results of Chang and Rhee (2003), Ho (2003)
and Aivazian et al (2003). Forti et al. (2014), Ranajee et al (2018) & Zaara et al (2018) found
significant positive correlation between firm size and dividends in their study on Brazil and Jordan
respectively.
Leverage: Use of debt in firm’s capital structure may have influence in firm’s dividend payout
decisions. Barclay et al. (1995) reported a decrease in dividend payments in firms using high leverage
as it decreases financial flexibility because of the existence of high level of financial leverage. Forti et
al. (2014), in their study found significant negative relation between leverage and dividends. On the
contrary, Vilela (2004) reported higher dividend payout ability of the levered firms because of having
higher access to external markets. Kajola et al (2015) also found positive significant relationship
between leverage and dividend policy.
Profitability: Amidu and Abor (2006); Baker et al., (1985) reported that profitable firms are
inclined to pay higher dividends; i.e. positive relation between profitability and dividend payout ratios.
On the other hand, A firm’s state of profitability may affect dividend payouts subject to the presence
of investment opportunities. Similar result has been noticed in the study of Gopalan et al. (2014) ;
where authors showed negative relationship between profitability and dividend payouts subject to the
presence of available profitable investment opportunities. Francis, Schipper & Vicent (2005) also
agreed to this statement that companies with higher Return on Equity should distribute less dividends.
On the other hand, Forti et al. (2014) found significant positive relationship between profitability and
dividends.
Firms’ age: According to Life cycle Theory firms tends to pay higher dividends when it enters
into maturity stage as they have abundance of earnings but lack investment opportunities
(ref).
The
study of Amidu and Abor (2006) is in support of Life Cycle theory and stated that younger firms tend
to payout lower dividends due to huge investment opportunities along with low internally produced
funds. Study of De Angelo et al. (2006) and Denis and Osobov (2008) also supports the theory. Forti
et al. (2014) also anticipated to have positive relation between age and dividends in their study which
also supports that dividend payments should increase with the increase in age of a company. Badu
(2013) & Ranajee et al (2018) revealed significant positive relationship between age and dividend
payments which is in support of the opinions of the scholars mentioned above.
Growth: Growth firms need huge funds to meet their investment needs. In this situation, it
must rely on retained earnings. If internal financing falls short, they have to search for external funds
providing transaction costs. Rozeff’s (1982) cost minimization model reveals that managers try to
minimize transaction cost; therefore, shows a negative relation between growth and dividend
payments. La Porta, Lopez-De-Silanes, Shleifer & Vishny (2000), Mota (2007) revealed that high
growth rate tends to reduce dividend payouts as managers must finance the growth most preferably
with the own funds. Marfo-Yiadom and Agyei (2011) also revealed signigicant negative relationship
between growth and dividend policy in their studyon banks of Ghana. Alam and Hossain (2012) found
negative correlation between growth and dividend policy for UK companies but positive correlation
for Bangladeshi companies.
Cash Holdings: Dividend-paying firm must decide on amount of cash holdings as insufficient
cash balance may hamper normal course of actions. It is also important to examine the tendency of
dividend paying firms in respect of cash holdings. Chen et al. (2014) mentioned that firms pay
dividend in the lagged year hold more cash for the current year. On the other hand, Ferreira and Vilela
(2004) found that firms pay dividends hold less cash.
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CONCLUSION
Evidence shows that firms in property and construction sector are more likely to pay dividend
than others. Additionally, profitable small and large firms tend to pay dividend; meanwhile, profitable
medium firms are less likely to pay dividend. However, it is found that profitability, liquidity, and
business risk are insignificantly related to dividend payout. The results from this study are beneficial
to investors when making a decision regarding stock investment. Furthermore, financial managers can
use the results from this study to develop dividend policy in order to archive the maximize shareholders’
wealth.
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10. DeAngelo, H., DeAngelo, L., (2006). “The irrelevance of the MM dividend irrelevance theorem”. Journal of Financial
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dividend policy”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 89 No. 1, pp. 62-82.
23. Rozeff, M.S. (1982), “Growth, beta and agency costs as determinants of dividend payout ratios”, Journal of financial
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around the world. The Journal of Finance, 55 (1), 1-33.
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separated from voting rights. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39 (1), 329-360.
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28. Renneboog, L. & Trojanowski, G. (2011). Patterns in payout policy and payout channel choice. Journal of Banking &
Finance, 35 (6), 1477-1490.
29. Moh’d, M. A., Perry, L. G. & Rimbey, J. N. (1995). An investigation of the dynamic relationship between agency
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International Journal of Managerial Finance, Vol. 14 Issue: 2, pp.230-244, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMF-07-2017-0144
BOARD CHARACTERISTICS AND FIRM PERFORMANCE:
A STUDY ON BIST
Prof. Dr. Reşat KARCIOĞLU
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ensar AĞIRMAN
Araş. Gör. Dr. Muhammet ÖZCAN
Atatürk Universty Türkey
ABSTRACT
This paper aims to investigate the relationship between internal governance structure and financial perfor-
mance of companies listed on Borsa Istanbul. The effectiveness of the board of directors is analyzed through the
use of different variables: size, composition, female board members, duality, number of annual meetings and
busyness of the directors. The financial performance is measured by return on assets (ROA), return on equity
(ROE) and Tobin’s Q. The result shows that board independence does not affect firm performance, whilst board
size and board accounting/financial expertise are positively associated with firm performance. Board diligence in
terms of board meetings is found to have an adverse effect on firm performance. These findings provide some
implication for future research on the effectiveness of board directors on firm performance.
Key Words: Board Characteristics, Firm Performance, BIST.
Introduction
Corporate governance is a common issue all over the world possesses a great importance in
corporate firms that is supposed to protect the interests of all the related groups maintaining full
transparency, accountability and responsibilities in control and management system for overall success
of the firms. Like other emerging economy countries, Turkey is also prioritizing corporate governance
issue thereby taking necessary steps to ensure a good governance in the activities of corporate firms
through setting corporate governance principles. The Capital Markets Board (CMB) initially published
its Corporate Governance Principles in 2003 to develop corporate governance applications and to
integrate Turkish capital market with the global market. After necessary revisions, those principles
were finalized in 2005.
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It has been claimed that firms with good corporate governance performs better that those with
poor corporate governance (Black, et al. , 2006). Board of directors play a vital role in maintaing a
good corporate governance within the firm. Arora (2015); Liu & Fong (2010) considered board of
directors as one of the most important mechanisms of corporate governance and a governance
structure that works for protecting both the firms and shareholders. Therefore, efficient board of
directors contribute to ensure better performance in a firm. In this sense, board characteristics are
likely to have great influence on the firm performance. Thus, those characteristics must be identified
and examined properly. With reference to previous studies, seven board characteristics have been
recognized; i.e. Director Ownership, CEO Duality, Female Board Members, Board Size, Educational
Qualification of Board Members, Frequency of Board Meetings and Board Independence that are
expected to have influence on the performance of the firms. Previous studies made by researchers
revealed mix results about the relationship between those characteristics and firm performance. Some
studies found positive impact of those characteristics on the performance of the firms, some found
negative impact. to measure the relationship between board characteristics and firm performance in
Turkey in important because 1) emerging economies like Malaysia, China, Indonesia, India, are giving
importance to measure the influence of these factors on performance of the firms. Being an emerging
economy country, Turkey should also concentrate on this issue. 2) outcomes of the study might be
helpful to the policy makers and other interest groups in getting necessary information and guidelines
required for good corporate governance. 3) Might be helpful in revising the corporate governance
principles if the policy makers can get proper information about the extend of the influence of these
factors. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to measure the impact of board characteristics on
Turkish firms. To be more specific, each characteristic of the board room would be measured
separately to understand the influence of individual factors on the performance of Turkish firms.
Methodology of the study (in brief)
Results of the study (un brief)
The rest of the paper includes an extensive review of previous literatures, Methodology applied
for the study, Analysis and major findings of the study followed by concluding remarks.
Review of Previous Literatures and Hypothesis Development
Board of directors play a significant role in corporate governance mechanism. Performance of
board members can be expressed in terms of various characteristics. This study covers seven broad
measures of board characteristics to observe the relationship of these variables with the performance
of the firms. Those characteristics are: Director Ownership, CEO Duality, Female Board Members,
Board Size, Educational Qualification of Board Members, Frequency of Board Meetings and Board
Independence. Relevant literatures related to these characteristics with the respective hypothesis have
been constructed as follows:
Director Ownership
The impact of director ownership is a controversial issue in the literature (Demset & Lehn,
1985; Shleifer & Vishny, 1997;Becht et al., 2005; Sheu & Yang, 2005). Berle & Means (1932)
suggested that ownership doesn’t influence firm performance, also advised to keep ownership and
control separated. However, obeying this advice gives rise to agency problem where there is a conflict
of interest between managers and shareholders. Still there is a way to resolve the conflict of interest,
which is aligning the interests of both the parties (Davis et al., 1997). Agency Theory also suggests
that this kind of alignment is possible through the shareholding of directors. Director ownership can
take place in the form of managerial ownership (Jensen & Meckling, 1976). Palia and Lichtenberg
(1999) noticed positive correlation between managerial ownership and productivity. On the other
hand, De Angelo and De Angelo (1985) came up with reverse results where authors
mentioned that
high level
of managerial ownership would imbed management and create agency problems. Again,
Dalton, Certo & Roengpitya, 2003; Sheu & Yang, 2005 found no association between insider
ownership and firm performance. Moreover, Horner (2010) claims that increase in director ownership
drives to support on the managerial entrenchment to reach at the best performance. This statement is in
support of increase in directors’ ownership in a firm. Liang (2009) reported to have positive impact of
board ownership on firm performance in low and medium levels of ownership position due to the
existence of closer and effective monitoring. However, he also reported to have negative impact of
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