Stages in Panel Data
ARDL Implementation
First stage: Cross
sectional dependence
This is examined with various tests
(Some examples are shown below):
Breusch Pagan LM test (
Breusch
and Pagan 1980
)
Pesaran CD test (
Pesaran 2004
)
(
Baltagi et al. 2012
) bias corrected
scaled LM test
No:
Cross Sectional dependence
Yes:
Cross Sectional dependence
Second stage: Stationarity and
order of integration
Apply tests assuming cross sectional
independence (first generation)
EXAMPLES:
Im et al.
(
2003
)
Levin et al.
(
2002
)
Choi
(
2001
)
Breitung
(
2000
)
Maddala et al.
(
1999
)
Hadri
(
2000
)
LS for 2 structural breaks and
large size of data
Apply tests assuming cross sectional
dependence
(second generation)
EXAMPLES:
Pesaran
(
2007
)
Moon and Perron
(
2004
)
Bai and Ng
(
2004
)
Chang
(
2002
)
Harris and Sollis
(
2003
)
CIPS test (
Pesaran 2007
)
Yes: Stationarity
No: Stationarity
Third stage: Panel cointegration
There are residual based tests,
likelihood based tests and error
correction based tests.
No: Cross sectional dependence
EXAMPLES OF TESTS:
Gutierrez
(
2003
)
Larsson et al.
(
2001
)
Pedroni (higher explanatory power, mostly
preferred with 7 statistics) (
Pedroni 2004
,
2007
)
McCoskey and Kao
(
1998
)—(ideal for small
samples)
Kao
(
1999
) —(ideal for small samples)
Yes: Cross sectional dependence
EXAMPLES OF TESTS:
Groen and Kleibergen
(
2003
)
It allows for multiple cointegration
equations.
Westerlund
(
2007
)
4 statistics (good for structural breaks)
Use a resilient estimator such as
Driscoll and Kraay
(
1998
)
Is cointegration confirmed?
Yes: Cointegration
No: Cointegration
FMOLS
DOLS
MG
PMG (does not consider cross-sectional
dependence; constrains long-run coe
fficients be
the same across units)
CCEP (allows cross sectional dependence,
endogeneity, serial correlation)
CCEMG (as above but better for small cross
sections)
Pooling is a good idea: Opt between
random e
ffects models or fixed effects
models depending on Hausman test.
Fourth stage: Panel Causality
Granger causality: It is a
traditional method that assumes
panels are homogeneous with no
interconnections among
cross-section units
Dumitrescu and Hurlin
(
2012
): good
sample properties and cross-sectional
dependence resilient. Able to report
individual specific causal linkages.
Bai and Kao CUP-FM estimator
Source: Author’s compilation. Note: FMOLS: fully modified OLS, DOLS: dynamic OLS, MG: mean group (estimator),
PMG: panel mean group (estimator), CIPS: CCEP: common correlated e
ffects pooled (estimator), CCEMG: common
correlated e
ffects mean group (estimator), CUP-FM: continuously updated fully modified (estimator).
Experienced researchers will have so far realized that the panel data are many shorter time series
data, pooled together. The data generation process may be, or may not be, the same across panels
Economies 2019, 7, 105
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(sub-groups of data). Therefore, several time series tests and procedures have been adapted from time
series into panel data through a kind of averaging across panels (groups of data). Panel data are a
convenient way in energy economics to overcome problems such as collinearity. Furthermore, that
data provide more degrees of freedom and a more informed speed of adjustment. On top of that, with
this approach one can control for heterogeneity and e
fficiency in the identification and measurement of
economic issues (
Tugcu 2018
).
Panel data su
ffer from limitations such as the cross-sectional dependence, which is attributed
to globalization and unification of policies across panel units (e.g., countries). This makes energy
consumption patterns follow similar movements among the various countries in a panel, particularly
if countries are signatories to the same environmental and emissions cutting agreement. The other
limitation comes from the fact that panel data are in essence two entry level data and thus the error
term in modeling contains both unit-specific (e.g., country) information and time-specific information.
This may contribute to the endogeneity problem if the aforementioned error components are correlated
to explanatory variables. However, these drawbacks do not discourage researchers from using panel
data, which are the main type of data to expect in the energy-growth nexus research field.
Before closing this paper, it is useful to recommend the sites for the implementation of ARDL and
NARDL coding in EVIEWS and STATA softwares:
ARDL and NARDL coding and implementation in EVIEWS available from:
http:
//www.eviews.
com
/help/helpintro.html#page/content/ardl-Estimating_ARDL_Models_in_EViews.html
.
ARDL and NARDL coding and implementation in STATA available from:
https:
//www.statalist.org/forums/forum/general-stata-discussion/general/1434232-ardl-updated-stata-
command-for-the-estimation-of-autoregressive-distributed-lag-and-error-correction-models
.
Note: As far as NARDL coding and implementation in EVIEWS and STATA are concerned, since
it is an ARDL model, it is just an estimation with lags of variables. One can specify that as a non-linear
estimation with the least squares estimator.
4. Conclusions
The energy-growth nexus economics is a field that attracts major research attention, because of
the significant information it provides to policy-makers who consider energy conservation measures.
The ARDL method has been mostly favored and used in the past decade owing to its merits (flexibility,
interpretability, eloquence, and statistical properties that are explained in the introduction of this
paper). The paper meets the needs of two groups of researchers: one group is the new researchers who
have recently started using the ARDL method. As a result of that, some points of its implementation
are not fully clarified to them yet, because those are fragmented in various research papers and lecture
notes on the internet. This fragmentation causes delays in research and paper writing and always
leaves room for journal reviewers to reject a paper or advise major reviews. The other group is the more
experienced researchers who have used the method a lot of times, but there is always an aspect in the
method that will be benefited from throwing additional light into. Besides, the method is continuously
enriched it its applied dimension and the reading of this paper by experienced researchers will grant
them the opportunity to stay up-to-date with the method’s evolution.
The paper is referencing applied work and knowledge throughout. Sometimes, it happens
that even experienced researchers are using a test of a statistical concept, whose exact meaning
needs brushing-up since the days they learned that during their undergraduate years at university.
Furthermore, the paper guides the ARDL energy-growth researcher about the steps that need to be
taken and the exact way that results should be presented and written in a paper in order to create the
readers a feeling of transparency when they read a research paper. Moreover, this point will o
ffer
comparability among papers and will enable apt meta-analysis which is so valuable for the progress of
science and the evolution of society.
The paper can also serve as a review and reference paper for post-graduate students writing their
MA
/MSc (not lest PhD) dissertation and need to employ this method. The quintessence of the paper
Economies 2019, 7, 105
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lies in the last two tables of the fifth section, which separate the ARDL steps between the time-series
and panel-data frameworks. Degree of integration, cointegration, and causality steps are explained
and presented in a vertebrate and well-tied nature and relieves students from the stress of selecting the
correct test in every step of the implementation.
Last but not the least, the content of this paper is useful not only for the researchers of the
energy-growth nexus, but also for the researchers of other fields such as the tourism-growth nexus or
the broader environment-growth nexus and the Kuznets curve studies.
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