the USPSTF, the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines, the 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines, the 2020 ISH
Adults with normal blood pressure should have reassessment of their blood pressure
120 to 129.
In
all other patients who have an elevated office blood pressure, the diagnosis of
hypertension should be confirmed using out-of-office blood pressure measurement
whenever possible. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is considered the “gold
standard” in determining out-of-office blood pressure. However, many payers require
evidence of normal out-of-office readings (suspected white coat hypertension) for
reimbursement of ABPM. As such, we suggest home blood pressure measurement as the
initial strategy to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension in most patients [
13,35
]:
Patients found to have an office blood pressure of ≥130 mmHg systolic or ≥80 mmHg
diastolic but an out-of-office blood pressure (either mean daytime or mean home) of <130
mmHg systolic and <80 mmHg diastolic have white coat hypertension rather than true
hypertension [
4
]. In patients with home readings suggestive of white coat hypertension,
A patient who presents with hypertensive urgency or emergency (ie, patients with
blood pressure ≥180 mmHg systolic or ≥120 mmHg diastolic) (see
"Management of
severe asymptomatic hypertension (hypertensive urgencies) in adults"
and
"Evaluation
and treatment of hypertensive emergencies in adults"
)
●
A patient who presents with an initial screening blood pressure ≥160 mmHg systolic or
≥
100 mmHg diastolic and who also has known target end-organ damage (eg, left
ventricular hypertrophy [LVH], hypertensive retinopathy, ischemic cardiovascular
disease)
●
Hypertension is diagnosed if the mean home blood pressure, when measured with
appropriate technique and with a device that has been validated in the office, is ≥130
mmHg systolic or ≥80 mmHg diastolic.
●
ABPM is an alternative to home blood pressure monitoring in settings where ABPM is
readily available, particularly if adequate home blood pressures cannot be obtained, if
there is doubt about the validity of home readings or if there is a large discrepancy
between office and home readings. When using ABPM, hypertension is diagnosed if
the mean daytime blood pressure is ≥130 mmHg systolic or ≥80 mmHg diastolic.
●
Occasionally, out-of-office confirmation of hypertension is not possible because of
issues with availability of equipment, insurance, and cost. In these situations, a
diagnosis of hypertension can be confirmed by serial (at least three) office-based blood
pressure measurements spaced over a period of weeks to months with a mean of ≥130
mmHg systolic or ≥80 mmHg diastolic. While use of appropriate technique is important
in all patients, it is particularly essential in those in whom the diagnosis of
hypertension is based solely upon office readings (
table 1
). In settings where out-of-
office blood pressure measurement is not readily available, we suggest using
automated office blood pressure monitoring (AOBPM).
●
we recommend confirmation with ABPM (
algorithm 1
). Patients with white coat
hypertension should undergo reevaluation with out-of-office blood pressure monitoring at
least yearly since these patients can develop hypertension over time.
Patients who have office readings of 120 to 129 mmHg systolic or 75 to 79 mmHg diastolic
and established cardiovascular disease, known kidney disease, or elevated cardiovascular
risk should also undergo out-of-office blood pressure measurement [
4
]. Patients with office
blood pressure <130 mmHg systolic and <80 mmHg diastolic but an out-of-office blood
pressure (either mean daytime or mean home) ≥130 mmHg systolic or ≥80 mmHg diastolic
have masked hypertension. Although there are no randomized clinical trials, based upon
risk, we believe that patients with masked hypertension should be treated the same as
other patients with the diagnosis of hypertension.
EVALUATION
When hypertension is suspected based upon office readings or confirmed based upon out-
of-office blood pressure readings, an evaluation should be performed to determine the
following (see
"Initial evaluation of the hypertensive adult"
):
History — The history should search for those facts that help to determine the presence of
precipitating or aggravating factors (including prescription medications, nonprescription
NSAIDs, and alcohol consumption), the duration of hypertension, previous attempts at
treatment, the extent of target-organ damage, and the presence of other known risk
factors for cardiovascular disease (
table 7
).
80>130>80>130>
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