Laboratory testing — The following tests should be performed in all patients with newly
diagnosed hypertension [
4,36,37
] (see
"Initial evaluation of the hypertensive adult", section
on 'Laboratory testing'
):
Additional tests — Additional tests may be indicated in certain settings:
Testing for secondary hypertension — Secondary causes of hypertension are relatively
uncommon, and testing for secondary hypertension may produce false-positive results.
Thus, screening for secondary causes is not recommended for all patients with primary
hypertension. Instead, a targeted approach is indicated whereby screening for secondary
causes should be performed only in patients with one or more of the following features
(see
"Evaluation of secondary hypertension"
):
Electrolytes (including calcium) and serum creatinine (to calculate the estimated
glomerular filtration rate)
●
Fasting glucose
●
Urinalysis
●
Complete blood count
●
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
●
Lipid profile
●
Electrocardiogram
●
Calculate 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk (
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)
●
Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Increased albuminuria is recognized as an
independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease; it should be performed in all
patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease [
38
]. (See
"Moderately increased
albuminuria (microalbuminuria) and cardiovascular disease"
and
"Epidemiology of
chronic kidney disease"
.)
●
Echocardiography is a more sensitive means of identifying the presence of left
ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) than an electrocardiogram, but its use is limited by
expense and the lack of clinical trials that define outcome-based treatment differences
when LVH is diagnosed [
39
]. (See
"Clinical implications and treatment of left ventricular
hypertrophy in hypertension", section on 'Indications for echocardiography in
hypertensive patients'
.)
●
An unusual presentation of hypertension (eg, new onset at an especially young or
especially old age, presentation with stage 2 hypertension, abrupt onset of
hypertension in a patient with previously normal blood pressure, or significant recent
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