Nonpharmacologic therapy — Treatment of hypertension should involve
nonpharmacologic therapy (also called lifestyle modification) alone or in concert with
antihypertensive drug therapy (
table 9
) [
4,5,40
]. We suggest that at least one aspect of
nonpharmacologic therapy should be addressed at every office visit.
elevation in blood pressure in a patient with previously well-controlled hypertension
despite adherence to their antihypertensive regimen)
Drug-resistant hypertension
●
The presence of a clinical clue for a specific cause of hypertension, such as an
abdominal bruit (suggestive of renovascular hypertension) or low serum potassium
(suggestive of primary aldosteronism)
●
Dietary salt restriction – In well-controlled randomized trials, the overall impact of
moderate sodium reduction is a fall in blood pressure in hypertensive and
normotensive individuals of 4.8/2.5 and 1.9/1.1 mmHg, respectively (
figure 4
)
[
41,42
]. The effects of sodium restriction on blood pressure, cardiovascular disease,
and mortality as well as specific recommendations for sodium intake, are discussed in
detail elsewhere. (See
"Salt intake, salt restriction, and primary (essential)
hypertension"
.)
●
Potassium supplementation, preferably by dietary modification, unless contraindicated
by the presence of chronic kidney disease or use of drugs that reduce potassium
excretion [
4
]. (See
"Potassium and hypertension"
.)
●
Weight loss – Weight loss in overweight or obese individuals can lead to a significant
fall in blood pressure independent of exercise. The decline in blood pressure induced
by weight loss can also occur in the absence of dietary sodium restriction [
43
], but
even modest sodium restriction may produce an additive antihypertensive effect [
44
].
●
The benefits of comprehensive lifestyle modification, including the DASH diet and
increased exercise, were tested in the PREMIER trial [
47
]. At 18 months, there was a lower
prevalence of hypertension (22 versus 32 percent) and less use of antihypertensive
medications (10 to 14 versus 19 percent), although the difference was not statistically
significant. (See
"Diet in the treatment and prevention of hypertension", section on
'PREMIER trial'
.)
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