The race to the world’s first quantum computer is characterized by an international
Intel, for example, is working to develop “spin qubits,” which harness the spin states
of single electrons. It hopes to then scale down these qubits and manufacture them
out of silicon—no surprise given the computing giant’s existing semiconductor and
silicon technologies.
temperatures.
Circuits.
In March, Google announced the development of its Bristlecone quantum processor,
a 72-qubit chip it hopes will allow it to achieve quantum supremacy in 2018—a feat it
incorrectly predicted it would achieve in 2017. Nonetheless, many experts see Google
and Chinese company Alibaba in lockstep to reach quantum supremacy first, though
Alibaba claims that Bristlecone’s technical imprecision will prevent Google from
In short, superconducting circuits work when a resistance-free current oscillates around a circuit
Software, May 24, 2017, https://www.autodesk.com/products/eagle/blog/future-computing-
Arthur Herman & Idalia Friedson
system accessible to third-party users through IBM’s cloud computing platform and
will be made available in the next-generation IBM Q systems.
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Additionally, American startup Rigetti Computing—founded by a former IBM
employee—is making a name for itself. It is the only company besides IBM and
Alibaba to make available to customers a programmable “quantum logic gate” model
computer, i.e. a basic quantum circuit using a small number of qubits, in Rigetti’s
case a 19-qubit processor.
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Another model for creating qubits is ion trap computing, led in the U.S. by IonQ Inc.,
a start-up that was spun off from a University of Maryland lab.
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In ion trap
computing, lasers are used to cool and trap ions, or electrically charged atoms,
placing them in a superposition state. Remarkable progress has been achieved to
date, and today’s ion traps can hold dozens of ions for hours and have coherence
times longer than thousands of seconds. Furthermore, ion trap computing does not
require extremely cool temperatures. One of the drawbacks, however, is that it is the
slowest of all the qubit types in development and requires a multitude of compact
lasers to remain stable.
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Microsoft and Nokia Bell Labs are working on topological qubits, perhaps the most
intriguing model because it relies on a particle whose existence is still theoretical and
widely disputed.
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These majorana fermions, or “quasiparticles” as they are often
known, reside at the boundary between two particles. In March 2018, Microsoft
pointed to research in the journal Nature to highlight clear evidence of the existence
of majorana fermions.
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The company also recently released a free preview version of
its Quantum Development Kit, which includes its proprietary and domain-specific Q#
programming language.
In order to give the American effort in developing quantum computing technology a
further boost, in June 2018, legislation was introduced in the U.S. House of
Representatives (H.R. 6227), followed by companion legislation in the Senate (S.
3143). The bill, nicknamed the National Quantum Initiative Act, calls for the
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Will Knight, “IBM Raises the Bar with a 50-Qubit Quantum Computer,” MIT Technology Review,
November 13, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609451/ibm-raises-the-bar-with-a-50-
qubit-quantum-computer/.
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“Rigetti Rolls Out Latest Forest Quantum Developer Environment,” HPCwire, February 27, 2018,
https://www.hpcwire.com/2018/02/27/rigetti-rolls-latest-forest-quantum-developer-environment/
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Kathy-Anne Soderberg and John Harrington, “Changing Computing and Networking Forever, One
Qubit at a Time,” Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, July 18, 2017,
http://www.wpafb.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1250638/changing-computing-and-
networking-forever-one-qubit-at-a-time/.
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Sam Sattel, “The Future of Computing—Quantum & Qubits,” EAGLE (blog), Autodesk 2D and 3D
Design and Engineering Software, May 24, 2017,
https://www.autodesk.com/products/eagle/blog/future-computing-quantum-qubits/.
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Natalie Wolchover, “The Future of Quantum Computing Could Depend on This Tricky Qubit,”
Wired, May 20, 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/05/quantum-computing-topological-qubit/.
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Jeremy Kahn, “Microsoft Edges Closer to Quantum Computer Based on Elusive Particle,”
Bloomberg, March 28, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-28/microsoft-
edges-closer-to-quantum-computer-based-on-elusive-particle.
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