Among workers in jewelry manufacturing article · May 014 citations reads 1,562 authors

 
Questionnaire 
The first set of questions in the questionnaire determine the 
demographic data of the participants under this study includes age, gender, 
smoking habits, type and place of occupation, and duration of employment. 
The second set of questions included working type, job type, use of personal 
protective equipment such as mask, gloves and lab-coat, diseases such as 
sensitivity, urinary tract infection, the perception of participants for 
occupational dangers associated with their job, and the frequency of jewelry 
melting.
 
Urine Samples 
The participants were provided with urine containers and asked to 
give urine samples. After that, sample were kept frozen in deep refrigerator 
at -70 C until the time of analysis.
 
Sample Analysis for Heavy Metals 
The concentrations of heavy metals (Cadmium, Copper and Nickle) 
were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) which allow 
for the measurement of a wide range of concentrations of metals in 
biological samples. The AAS consist of a Flam Atomic Absorption 
Spectrometry (F-AAS) (Shimadzu, AA-6300, Tokyo, JAPAN) fully 
equipped for flame (air acetylene), and a Graphite furnace atomization 
(GFA-AAS) (Shimadzu, EX7, Tokyo, JAPAN).
The samples were analyzed using the spectrophotometer placed at the 
Princess Haya for biotechnology.
 
Statistical Analysis 
The data obtained from analysis the urine of the subject investigated 
in this study regarding the concentration of the heavy metals and the 
associated factors demographically and environment of work were analyzed 
statistically by multivariable analysis and Mann–Whitney test using 
statistical package for the social sciences SPSS (version 16, SPSS, an IBM 
Company, Chicago, USA). p- 
value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically 
significant in the result presented of the study.