Amea a. A. Bakixanov adina tariX İnstitutu azərbaycan tarix qurum u
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H. II, C n 6 ., 1836. 173. 2. TaM ace h . 3, CTI6. 1836 174. O >Kene 3 Hbix npHHCKax b Kapa 6 axcKOM ye3^e. //KaBKa3, 1950, N °51. 175. OnncaHHe KapaöaxcKoiı hpobhhhhh , cocTaBjıeHHoe b 1823 ro^y, no pacnopaaceHHio rjıaBHoynpaBjıaıomero b Tpy3HH EpMOJiOBa, ^eiicT- BHTejIbHblM CTaTCKHM COBCTHHKOM MorHJieBCKHM H nOJIKOBHHKOM EpMOJiOBbiM n-M. TH(j>nHC. B THnorpa ynpaBJieHHa HaMecTHHKa KaBicascKoro. 1866. //A R D T A , f. 24., iş 1 4 1 ,1 4 2 ,1 4 3 . 176. OmıcaHHe KapaöaxcKOH npoBHHUHH, cocraBJieHHoe b 1823 ro- Ay...[no^roTOBKa ko BTopoMy n cp em ^a m m h aBTop npe^HCJiOBHa Ta^>KHeBa 3.A. EaKy, HypjıaH, 2003, 425 c. 177. OnncaHHe nepeceneHHa apMaH AflHpöe^caHCKHx b npeaejıw P occhh , C KpaTKHM IipeflB O pH TC JIbH blM H3JIO>KeHHeM HCTOpHHeCKHX BpeMCH ApMeHHH [nonepnHyToe H3 coBpeMeHHbix sanncoK CepreeM. M. THnorpa 3 biKOB. 1831, 142 c. 178. OnepK KpenocTH IIIyııiH h Bcero Kapaöaxa. //Ta 3 eTa «CeBepHaa nnejıa», CaHKT-neTep6ypr, 1831, K® 210-212. 179. neTep 6 yprcKHH 4>Hjınajı apxHBa pocchhckoh aKa^eMMH HayK, 4)99 , o n 2 ,a l 3 . 180. nerpyuıeBCKHH H.Ü. OnepKH no hctophh 4>eoAaJibHbix 0 TH 0 iueHHH b A 3 ep 6 an,n>KaHe h B octohhoh ApMeHHH b XVI ~ Hanajıe XIX b. JJemmrpajj, 1949. 181. neTpyuıeBCKHÖ H .n . CncTeMa pyccKoro KOJiOHHajibHoro ynpaBjıe- HHa b Ä 3 ep 6 aHA>KaHe b nepBOH nojıOBHHe X IX b. //KojıOHHajibHaa noJiHTHKa poccHHCKOro uapn3Ma b A3ep6aÖA>KaHe b 20-60 r, XIX b. h . 1, c. 5-32. 221 182. 1. ri 0 TT 0 B.A. KaBKa 3 CKaa BOÖHa b oxaejmwx onepKax, cnH30/ıax, jıerenaax h ÖHorpatjjnax. T. 1 bii 1-4 c. 582, Crt 6 ., 1885582 182. 2 ITotto B.A. KaBi 3 CKa 5 i BOÖHa b OTflejiHbix onepKax, ənrooAax, jıe- reHjjax n ÖHorpa(|)HHx. T. 2, bii 1-4 CFI 6 ., 1885 c 832 183. rioTTo B.A. KaBKa 3 CKaa BOÖHa b OTflejiHbix onepKax, 3nn30Aax, jic- reHAax h ÖHorpa({)H>ıx. T. 3, Bn 1-4 CÜ 6 ., 1887. c 750 184. IIpHCoeAHHeHHe B octohhoh ApMeHHH k P occhh . EpeBaH, 1972. 185. FIpHcoeAHHeHHe B octohhoh ApMeHHH k P occhh [CöopHHK AOKy- MeHTOB t . I ]., [1801-1813 ].. IT oa pe^. LJ. Arajma. EpeBaH, 1978. 186. ParHMOB. T.P. H 3 hctophh A 3 ep 6 aH^>KaHO-pyccKHx ^HnjıOMaTHHe- ckhx OTHOiııeHHH bo BTopoö nojıOBHHe XVIII, b Hanajıe XIX bckob. EaKy, A 3 TocH 3 AaT, 1997. 187. Pa4>4>H. MejiHKCTBa XaMCw [nep c.ApM. JI.M. Ka 3 apaHa ].. EpeBaH, Hanpn, 1991 [http: // armenianhouse.org/raffi/novels- ru/khamsa/meliks 1 _ 14]. 188. PauiHfl-aAHHH. nepenHCKa [n ep ., Be^CHHe h KOMMeHTapHH A.H.^>ajiHHOH ].. MocKBa, HayKa, 1971, 498 c. 189. PH 3 äKyjiH xaH Xn^aaT. Poy 3 aT-yc-caıJ)a [nep. A.Eep>Ke ]. //PyccKaa C T apH H a, 1879, t. 24, 190. 1 PoCCHHCKHH T O C V flapC T B eH H H H BoeHHO-HcTOpHHeCKHİİ ApXHB. . [PTBHA], 4>- BYA, # 18 474 190.2 .PTBHA, 4> 52 on. 1 Ä. 331 h 1 190.3 ,PrBHA,(J) 52 on. 1 A . 33 h4. 190.4 .PTBHA, 4> 52 on. 1 a . 263 190.5 .PTBHA, 4> 52 on 1 a . 408 190.6 .PTBHA, |) 52 on 1 r . 234 190.7 .PTBHA, 4> 52 Ä 286 ,. H. 1 190.8 .PTBHA, 4> 52 ä 336 , h . 1 190.9 .PTBHA, & 52 on. 1 n . 336 h . 3 190.10 .PTBHA, $ 52 on. 1 Ä .416 h.2 190.11 .PTBHA, 4) 52 a. 331, h . 1 190.12 .PrBHA, |> 52 on .1 n .350 h 5 190.13 .PrBHA, (J) 52 on.2, Ä .32, 190.14 .PrBHA, 4> 52 on. 2 # 33, h . 4 190.15 . PTBHA, 4>. 52, on. 2, Ä 93 190.16 .PTBHA, 4 ) 5 2 4 1 6 h . I- 190.17 .PTBH A, (j). 41, on. 2 0 0 ^ 6 1 4 a 191. PoCCHHCKHH TOCVAapCTBCHHWH HCTOpHHCCKHH ApXHB. 192. CajıaM 3 a^e A .A . K Bonpocy o 4 >e 0 flajiH 0 KpenocTHHHecKHx oTHome- HHax b A 3 ep 6 aHA*aHe b nepBOH nonoBHHe XIX b .// KojıOHHajiHaa nojiHTHKa..., tom 2, c. 403-424. 222 193. CajıaM 3 a^e A .B., ABanoB 3 .B ., Ca;raeBa P ./I IlpoÖJieMw coxpaHe- Hiıa h peKOHCTpyKKHH HCTopHHecKHX ropo^OB AiepöaiwKaHa. EaK>' 3jim, 1979, 140 c. 194. CeBepHaa tlHejıa , 1831 r, J'TsJ'fs 210-212 195. CepeöpoB A.F. HcTopHKo-reorpa4)HHecKoe onncaHHe flarecTaHa. //HT MocKBa, 1958 r., c. 173-190 196. Co 6 paHHe aKTOB, oraocamHxca K o6o3peHHio h ctop h h apMaHCKoro Hapofl, h . 2. 197. CTaTHCTHHecKoe onncaHnc HaxHHCBaHCKOÖ nposHHHHH coctəbjich- Hoe TpHropbeBeM., CTI 6 ., 1833. 198. CyM 6 aT 3 £we A.C. Peu;eH 3 Ha Ha paöoTy T. IUaxoBa «K Bonpocy 06 H3yHCHHH (J)COAaJIbHOH 3KOHOMHKH K a p a 6 a x C K O r O XaHCTB3» //AMEA Morkəzi Elmi Arxivi, f. Nb 12, siy.l, sax. vah. 403, qutu 94. 199. YTBepayteHHe pyccKoro B.ıa^wHecTBa Ha KaBKa3e [no^ pe^. K.A.floTTO ]., t . II, T h 4> jihc , 1901. 200. OnpH^yH EeK KonapjiHHCKHH. JlHTepaTypa a3ep6aH/pKaHCKHx TaTap. T h 4> jihc , 1903. 201. IIIaBpoB H.H. OnncaHHe KaBKa 3 CKoro meJiKOBO^CTBa. Th < p m c, 1891, 320 c. 202. UlaxoB C. K Bonpocy 06 H 3 yneHHH 4>eoAaJu>HOH əkohomhkh Kapa- öaxcKoro xaHCTBa //H 3 B. AH ApM. CCP, 1947, JVe 4, 203. IIIoneH H. H ctophhcckhh naMaTHHK cocToaHHa apMaHCKOH o6jıacra b ənoxy npncoeAHHeHHa k P occhhckoh HMnepHH. CÜ 6 ., 1852, c. 1236. 204. UIyKyp3a^e 3 . F e H e a n o r m e c K a jı r a ö j n m a Kapa 6 axcKHx xaHOB//,HAH Asep 6 CCP, t. XXVII, Jfe 7 1981, c 83-85 205. IHyKiop 3 aAe 3 . 06pa30BaHHe KapaSaxcKoro xaHCTBa. //HAHH, (J). 1, on. 4, hhb. 1353. 206. ƏcaA'^e C. HcTopHnccKaa 3 anHCKa 06 ynpaBjıeHHH KaBKa30M. Th(J)- jihc, 1907 207. 3(j)cnnHeB M.M. HacTHOBJiaACJibHecKHC paHfl* 6 apw b A 3 cp 6 an- ^acaHe b XIX b. //H 3 b. A H A 3 ep 6 . CCP, JV 2 10, 1955. 208. 34>eHAHeB O. Eme pa 3 0 TaK HaswBaeMwx «rapaöarcKHx mcjihkct- Bax» //Tapaöar: KıopeKHaHCKHH aotobop - 200 209. A History o f Qarabagh [Annotated Translation o f Mirza Jemal Javanshir Qarabaghi's Tarikh-e Qarabagh by Georgea A Bournoutian ]. Mazda Publishers. 1994, p. 157 210. Aktin Muriel. Russia and Iran 1780-1828. M inneapolis,1980. 211. Bornoutian G.A. The khanate o f Erevan under Qajar rule 1795-1828. California and N ew York, 1992. 223 212. 'l adhkirat-uJ-mııluk, a manual of Safevid administration. Kem- birdge, 1943. 213. Perry J.P. Karim Khan Zand [1747-1779 ].. Chicago and.Londoıı, 1979. T.T. Mustafazada GARABÄKH KHANATE RESUME As known after murder Nadir Shah Afshar in 1747 his empire bro- ken up to a number of independent states. In territory of Azerbaijan arisen 20 khanates which existed prior to the beginning of XIX century, i.e. divi- sion of the country between Russia and Qajar Iran. In the rich of five thousand-year Azerbaijan state tradition history the special place occupies the period of khanate. Despite of numerous mili- tary conflicts between separate khanates, presence of the internal customs duties, seriously braked development of a national economy, undoubtedly, in aspect of preservation of traditions of this statehood the given epoch had progressive character. Among Azerbaijan khanates on scale of territory, density of popu- lation and miütary power Garabakh khanate had the distinctive positions. For this reason this khanate alongside with Guba, Urmia and Sheki khan- ates took a special place in history of the Azerbaijan statehood. For explain of value Garabakh Khanate in history of the Azerbaijan statehood, first of all need to say that it managed to keep and develop Azer- baijanian -Turkish state formations and traditions in this khanate, as inte- gral part of territory of Azerbaijan, and turned today in the object of claims of Armenians. It is known, that territory Garabakh included historical areas Uti and Artsakh Northern Azerbaijan, i.e. Albania. During Arabian caliph- ate Uti was known as Arran, and Artsakh as Agvan [i.e. Albania ].. Re- searchers, marks that the name of ”Garabakh” first occurrence on historical arena in the XII century, and connected it with ”garabay”, made one of branches “pechenegs-kangly” tribes. Contrary to statements of the Armenian historians-falsifiers, that, ostensibly Turkic tribes come on this territory in the XVIII century and cre- ated Garabakh khanate, and before here already were melikdoms, which was the "Armenian” state associations, and khans Garabakh never could subordinate its governors - meliks, actually, the Azerbaijan Turks since olden days lived as on plain, and in mountain parts of Garabakh, the proof to that is that fact, that the majority of names of villages in mountain parts of Garabakh have Turkish roots, except for two villages with Albanian 224 toponyms. As to an origin meliks mountain areas of Garabakh it was Alba- nian, not Armenian, melikdoms existing here were not independent state associations, and were only hereditary feudal possession. During khanate Christian melikdoms, as well as others magals khanate, were usual districts, and their governors were considered as heads of these magals. Moreover the significant part of villages in territory of these magals was in special possession of khans. It is necessary to note, that Garabakh khanate created and devel- oped not on an empty place, but on the basis of uniform Turkish-Muslim political and ethnic formations. This khanate, created on the basis of arisen during Safavid time Garabakh beklerbeklik with the center in Gandja, cov- ered its basic territory. Garabakh beklerbeklik included extensive territory between the rivers the Kura and Araz, reaching in the west from mountain of Samhet and up to lake of Goycha. Into its structure entered ancient city of the Barda and such magals as Akstabad [nowadays Akstafa ]., Bargushad, Arazbar, Javanshir, etc. The post of Garabakh beklerbek usually hold one of the rep- resentatives of Ziyadogular - from Qizilbash tribe Qajar, it was one of the tribes contribution in due time to coming to power of Safavid dynasty. The first beklerbek of Garabakh was Shahverdi-sultan Zijadoglu. As is known, the talented commander from the Azerbaijanian- Turkish tıibe Nadir Afshar, discharged Safavid from authority achieved election as shah , in 1736 year on Mugan gurultay. In this situation Zi- yadogular and the head of some other Azerbaijan tribes opposed him. In revenge Nadir Shah, allocated elats of Gazakh and Borchale from structııre Garabakh beklerbeklik, transferred them under authority of tsar of Kaı tli- Kakheti. Besides it, for their positions the unions of tribes Javanshir. Otuziki and Kebirli, lived on territory Garabakh, undergone to punishment Nadir Shah were moved in Sarah magal of Khurasan. Nadir Shah has or- dered to meliks lived in mountain part of Garabakh submit not to beklerbek of Garabakh, but personally to him or his brother Ibrahim khan appointed by him the governor of Azeıbaijan. Ancestors of founder Garabakh khanate was Panahali khan, oc- curred of oymag Saridjali, were one of the ancient inhabitants Garabakh. Oyrnag Saridjali belonged to tribe Javanshir entering into the union of tribes Otuzikiler. Under the fact sheet, the name of community Saridjali has been connected with color of red hair [sari ]. his founder Ali beg. The Ar- menian historians marks, that founder of Garabakh khanate Panahali beg was the ordinary robber. While it is known, that the grandson of brother Panahali beg, Saridja Ali-Fazlali beg, and later Panahali beg himself held a post of butler at court of Nadir Shah. 225 One of unforgettable pages in history of Azerbaijan of the period of khanate is the basis in Garabakh Khanate unapproachable fortress of Shusha. If each of Azerbaijan khanate was formed around of one of cities, in territory of Garabakh there was no significant settlement in which it would be possible to be covered in case of danger. For this reason in the beginning in magale Kabirli were built fortress Bayat, and in 1752 in Ternekute constructed fortress Shahbulag. Afterwards fortress Panahabad [later Shusha ]. was founded. According to Mirza Jamal , the construction of fortress Shusha come to the end, approximately, in 1756 where inhabitants of fortress Sha- hbulag the same year moved, and also head of communities and kentkhudi [rural foremen ]. some settlements together with families. The territory of fortress Shusha covered the area, approximately, in 3-4 square versts. Garabakh khanate, conducting heroic struggle for preservation of the state independence, left an indelible trace in history of Azerbaijan. As is known, in 80-90 years of the XVIII century in struggle for the throne of shah a victory was gained by Aga Muhammad khan Qajar, tried to restore former borders of the Safavid state. With this purpose he aspired to subdue independent state formations of Southern Caucasus. some khans of North- ern Azerbaijan receded before power of Qajar, soon obeyed him, except for Ibrahim Khalil khan of Garabakh who has refused to obey him. In 1795 despite of 33-day's siege of Shusha, Aga Muhammad khan, coudn’t managed to take it, marched in Tiflis. In September of same year Qajar, crushed the Georgian armies, grasped Tiflis. Aga Muhammad who departed in 1796 on the south, proclaimed himself shah of Iran, and in the spring 1797 again made attack on Gara- bakh. In many historical sources it is underlined, that owing to ruins during previous invasions position of Garabakh khanate at that time remains heavy, and there was a threat of famine. In this connection Ibrahim Khalil khan, understanding impossibility alone to provide defense, forced went for help to his relative to avarian Umma khan. As a result of treachery of a part of local nobility Shusha after short siege it was surrender. Despite of capture Shusha Aga Muhammed shah was not possible to liquidate Garabakh khanate, and later 3 days he was killed as a result of palace plot. For preservation of territorial integrity and with improvised Russia on Southern Caucasus it was necessary for Garabakh khanate to be at war. Wishing to affirm in region, Russia wished to create here the puppet state. The head of foreign policy of Russia prince Potyomkin-Tavricheski, of- fered using disorders in Iran to occupy Baku, Derbent and to attach Gilan, the grasped territory named as “the Albanian state”, and its governor to ap- 226 point prince Konstantin Pavlovich. It was supposed also connection of Ga- rabakh lands to this state. In this connection in 1783 was planned a cam- paign of Russian armies which should move from the western coast of Cas- pian sea - from Derbent to Enzeli and as - from Georgia on Garabakh and Irevan khanates. Realization of a campaign was planned to be lead in 1783 which, however, transferred on 1784. This plan and had not been realized, as the right moment for peace connection of Southern Caucasus to Russia was not presented. Khan of Isfagan who has temporarily seized power in the Central Iran Alimurad had directed the ambassador to Petersburg with the purpose of the conclusion of the contract with Russia on conditions comprehensible to it. In May, 1784 G.A. Potemkin suggested chancellor Bezbordko to benefit from the offer of khan and to give him the positive answer. In this connec- tion G.A. Potemkin wrote to Catherina II, that, using the moment, it is pos- sible to take voluntary “the Persian Armenia” and on its basis to create the Albanian province. Death of Alimurad khan in February, 1785, and also active resis- tance of the French diplomacy was prevented with realizations of the men- tioned agreement. The Russian state and its submission of Kartli-Kakheti empire head by Irakly II tried to take advantage of treachery of separatists melik for cap- ture Garabakh lands. Learned that meliks, united with Irakly II, planed to attack in the beginning Ganja, and then and on Garabakh, Ibrahim Khalil khan decided to prevent actions of separatists. Under a pretext of discussion of state affairs khan, called meliks Abova, Medjluma, Bakhtama and patri- arch Ioanes, arrested them and appointed to their places persons entrusted to him. Subsequently on demand of ordering Russian armies general P. Po- tyomkin Ibrahim Khan released meliks, taken for this 15 thousand manats. In 1787 Irakly II together with Russian army moved to Ganja, however.in connection with the beginning of Russo-Turkish war and a sharp protest of Fathali khan of Guba, opponents could not achieve the purpose. Russian command quickly directed armies from vicinities of Ganja on the Caucasian front. Alongside with others Azerbaijan khanates Garabakh khanate continued to develop traditions of the Azerbaijan state- hood. In the head of Garabakh khanate was a khan. The advisory authority- divan, function under khan. In spite of the fact that in all questions dis- cussed here last word was for khan, sometimes he nevertheless had to reckon with the opinion of members of divan. Unlike others khanate, in Ga- rabakh khanate divan had greater influence. Governors of Varand, Dizag, Khachin, Jilaberd and Talysh, magals canied a title of melik. Titles beg and m c j i h k were transferred by right of 227 succession, but this right each time should affirm special Farman [decree ]. of khan. Meliks occupied judicial and administrative posts. Therefore after murder of Ibrahim Khalil khan by major Lisanevi- chem, last written the official report addressed to general Nesvetaev about assignment of Mehdigulu beg as khan. In 1807 tsar Alexander I sent to Mehdigulu khan the decree on management of khanate, a flag and a sword decorated by jewels. The closest assistant to khan was vizier. In Garabakh Khanate vi- zier often named mirza. In the time of ruling of Ibrahim Khalil khan the post of vizier was occupied with the famous Azerbaijan poet Molla Panah Vagif. It is known, that after murder of Aga Muhammad khan Qajar in 1797 in the city of Shusha, temporarily seized power Muhammed beg nephew of khan, considered Vagif as a serious obstacle in strengthening his authority, executed him. After that to a post vizier was appointed Mirza Jamal, There were such posts as eshagagasi, khezineagasi, ambardaragasi, emirakhur, etc. in a palace of khan. Magals operated minbashi and meliks, settlements-yuzbashi, darga, kovkhi, kendkhuda, meliks. Actually yuzbashi and minbashi were considered as military grades. During military opera- tions they supervised over the groups consisted from hundred and thousand person. Naibs of magals possessed both judicial, and the administrative rights. Kendkhuda and kovkhi were elected rural communities. Their main duties were reduced to taxation from communities and to supervisıon over order in settlements. Darga carried out the control over markets. They installed the prices for products, resolved many disputable affairs. In spite of the fact that their considered as inspectors of a market, in practice they were re- sponsible for the order in all city. They also monitor observance Sheriyat’ laws for which infringement darga had the full right to punish everyone. Garabakh was one of the most powerful in the military attitude khanate of Azerhaijan, and in case of need klıan could collect up to 10-15 thousand soldiers. The basic part of cavalry made elats. As all appears from the records of Mirza Jamal, oymag Garabakh, according to lists, had the cavalary. Were if necessary mobilized as well soldiers-arrows with meliks of magals and settlements. Elats released from such tax and duties as the ground rent and payment of a share since a crop [malujakhat ].. However, aıınually from peasants and magals were raised tax of malujakhat, "toy-poJu" [wedding money ]. and taxes. Sometimes collected mercenaries from Dagestan with elats’ were raised- taxes, provisions, bread, fine and large horned livestock 228 for payment of services of mercenaries and even for indemnification of cost of their fallen horse. With the purpose of strengthening of defensibility khanate, khans paid special attention to a construction of fortresses and strengthening. It ıs known, that Panahali khan in the beginning of the boaıd proved fortresses of Bayat and Shahbulag. In vicinities of fortress Bayat external walls from burnt bricks were erected, dug defensive ditches with the purpose of filling by their water in case of an attack of the opponent. Walls of fortress Sha- hbulag erected from a stone and to lime. On some sources, in fortress of Shahbulag were two locks, one - inside, another - outside. Walls of a for- tress extended fıom top to bottom, and above had the jagged ends. The height of walls achieved 7 m, and towers - 8,5 m. Internal lock has been' erected on a height, in mountains, near to mountain springs. The palace of Panahali khan was constructed of crude stones and had the ıectangular eight-step form with strotvg and high walls. The most reliable fortress of khanate was fortress of Panahabad [Shusha ].. The mountain on which settled down Shusha, had the form of the cone cut off from above, going down terraces downwards from northeı n side. Shusha it has been surrounded by gorges with abrupt descents in di- rection of Dashalticay and Khalfalichay. Abrupt ravines of a hill considera- bly blocked an ımpact of the opponent and made, approximately, 2/3 defen- sive perimeters of city. With a view of strengthening defensibility of fortress Panahali khan from northern part built a protection, however, apparently, because of too big haste at its construction it has shortly come to unfitness. Fortifications of Shusha had successfully sustained an impact of invasions Aga Muhammed khan Qajar in 1797 which, seeing, that shots from usual guns do not influence in any way durability of fortifications, ac- cording to one of the experts - gunners, ordered to shoot from two gun in- struments adhered to each other. Only such the certain damage by was pos- sible to cause to walls of a fortress. Built from a stone and lime the length of walls of fortress Shusha reached in 2,5 km. In Shusha it was possible to enter from four gate. One of them referred to - Ganja [Ganja qapisi ]., others - Irevan [Irevan qapisi ]., and the third - Aqoglan a gate. The site and the name of the fourth gate are unknown. Ganja a gate settled down in the north, Irevan - in the West, and Aqogla - in the east. As the main gate of a fortress were considered Ganja gate built even during rule of Panahali khan. The road to Ganja and iıı Jilaberd magal from here began. For this reason this gate refeıred to also Jilaberd as a gate [Jilaberd qapisi ].. 229 From Aqoglan a gate the road leading in the same fortress began. This gate sometimes were called Shusha-kend, or Muhtar [Muhtar qapisi J., and from time to time and Topkhana as a gate [Topkhana qapisi ].. On road in Shusha there were also constructed two more fortresses - Aqoglan and Askeran. Askeran the fortress built in 25 km from Shusha on coast of the river Gargarchay, served as a reliable barrier from possible in- vasions. The fortress reached on both coast of the river. The height of walls of a fortress reached 8 meters, and their thickness - 2 meters. Besides it in a mouth of this river there were two more towers. The coast Gargarchay was such steep, it was impossible what to bypass fortress Askeran. Some au- thors connect construction of this fortress with name of Panahali khan. The latest researches prove the fact of a construction of fortress Askeran Ibra- him Khalil khan under will of Panahali khan. Silver coins concerned to number of state attributes of Garabakh Khanate “Panahabadi” also, 1/5 russian roubles equal, approximately, which on the test highly were quoted and were in use and in others Khan- ates. In the further under order Ibrahim Khalil khan, aspired to improve re- lations with Fathali shah, in memory of the khan killed in Shusha Aga Mu- hammed were minting new coins under the name “sakhibgiran” with a more value. After murder of Aga Muhammad khan Qajar in Shusha, using ab- sence Ibrahim Khalil khan authority temporarily was grasped by his nephew, son of Mehraly beg - Muhammed beg. Considering the heavy situation, developed in khanate Ibrahim Khalil didn’t begun military ac- tions against the nephew operated cautiously. At first he directed sons of Mehdigulu aga and Muhammedhasan in Garabakh which gradually tidied up to the hands the control in khanate. Only after that khan itself returned in Shusha. Muhammed offended and tired out in a corner beat left from khan- ate, Muhammedhasan of Sheki enticed him to himself and having selected all his property treacherous transferred to Mustafa khan of Shemaha. Last killed Muhammed beg for a mark of murder by him his father. In the beginning of the XIX century the situation in Khanate re- mained intense and heavy. Region could not recover after destructive inva- sions in any way. On the other hand two powerful neighbours states Russia and Qajar aspired to conquer the Garabakh. Concerning foreign policy ori- entation in khanate palace there was a struggle between two groupings. One group headed by the senior son of khan Muhammedhasan aga supported acceptance of the Russian patronage. Other group headed other son of khan - Abulfet aga was for acceptance of authority of Qajars. 230 At first supporters Qajar had taken win. So khan married hıs daughter Aga Begu khanim with Fathali Shah, Abulfet aga directed on ser- vice of shah which received the khan title, became one of Qajar command- ers to army. But, Russian supporters soon gained triumph. As is known, after connection of Kartli-Kakheti in 1801, Russian government firmly decided to subdue and Azerbaijan khanates. After cap- ture in 1803-1804 Jar-Belokan Jamaats and Ganja khanate the commander- in-chief the Russian armies on Caucasus general Tsitsianov undertakes a campaign against Irevan khanate, but suffers failure. After failure under Irevan, Tsitsianov the basic attention concen- trated to conquest Garabakh khanate. He decided to carry out it by diplo- matic measures. After long years of negotiations he forced Ibrahim Khalil khan to come to his camp near Ganja at Kurekchay and on May, 14th, 1805 to sign the treaty about acceptance of the Russian patronage consisting of 11 points. Signing Kurekchay treaty had embittered shah’ court yard. Qajar armies in the middle of June, 1805 intruded in Garabakh already. After a while Fathali Shah with the basic forces arrived in Garabakh. However, learned about an attack of Russian armies in a Resht, he returned in Arde- bil. Russian army grasped Azerbaijan khanates one behind another. However, murder of Tsitsianov in February, 1806 at the gate of Baku for a while suspended movement of Russian. Simultaneously muıder of the Rus- sian commander-in-chief on shah camp had revived hopes for returning of the lost positions. In the spring 1806 successor of shah Abbas Mirza with 20 thousand army iııtruded in Garabakh. Was at that time in Shusha the small Russian group not in force was to protect city. Therefore, Ibrahim Khalil khan that as that to soften po- sition has started to make advances with Qajars, simultaneously informing about all negotiations to the commander of Russian group of major Li- sanevichu. However, conditions proceeded will worsen and shah armies ap- proached Shusha. With a view of safety Khan solved with a part of the fam- ily to move in a place, so-called “Khan bugs” [i.e. garden of khan ]. in 4 kilometers from city. It has caused suspicion at Lisanevich and he instigator by Christian traitors suddenly attacked camp of Ibrahim Khalil khan in July, 1806 and brutally killed him, some members of family and employ- ees. In total were killed 17 innocent people. It caused strong indignation in people. However sons of khan s at this time - Mehdigulu aga and Jafargulu aga had not taken advantage of a 231 situation for exile of Russian with limits khanate, but on the contrary con- tinued to serve them. Under the petition of Russian command Russian gov- ernment appointed Mehdigulu aga Garabakh khan [elder Khan’s son Mu- hammedhasan aga in the winter 1805-1806 died of illness ].. Military actions in territory Khanate between Russian and Qajar armies had undermined facilities and have put uncountable disasters to the population. Therefore many families [from above 2200 ]. have run across to Southern Azerbaijan, and from above 2600 family were covered in moun- tains. With signing on October, 12th, 1813 Gulistan peace treaty Russia has legalized capture of northern part of Azerbaijan [with exception Nakhchivan and Irevan Khanates ].. After that Russian authorities began to constant liquidation of au- thority of khans. In 1819-1820 liquidated Sheki and Shamakha khanates and they have transformed into provinces operated by commandants - Rus- sian officers. Liquidation of Garabakh Khanate started actually with 1817, with aırival in Garabakh general Madatov - the Christian of Garabakh by origin. He has actually tidied up to the to hands management khanate. Mehdigulu khan dissatisfıed with the position any more so cooperated with the Russian occupational armies. Having accused Mehdigulu khan in at- tempt to murder Madatov forced him to run aside Qajar in 1822 used it Russian government in this to year liquidated khanate transformed it in Ga- rabakh province operated by the Russian commandant. Garabakh Khanate, arisen in the middle of XVIII century and liq- uidated by Russia in 1822, left a deep trace in history of Azerbaijan. Value Garabakh khanate consists in history of the Azerbaijan statehood first of all that it for many years continued to develop traditions of this state forma- tion, accepted active participation in protection of the Azerbaijan grounds from external encroachments, could find in itself forces, give worthy re- pulse to attempts to create the Christian state on its territory and interfered with liquidation here the Azerbaijan ethnos from imperial Russia and its satellite of Kartli-Kakheti state. 232 T.T. Yüklə 10,58 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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