smith: organisms as persisters
8
as well as to a commitment to theorizing about them as beings that are inseparable from their
worlds.
The developing organism is perpetually coming-into-being, and its coming-into-being in-
volves its being
folded into its world. Consider the folding of beaten egg whites into flour, sugar,
and butter. The action of folding-in removes the separateness of the ingredients. Even though
we can still conceive of the constituents as separate—egg whites, flour, sugar, and butter—we
cannot extract them from the batter. When we combine the resources that form a cake batter
we are apt to think of the batter rather than of the elements of the mixture, while also recog-
nizing that the individual elements are constitutively necessary for the mixture. Likewise, the
biological systems that we call “organisms” are inseparable from their contexts, even though
one might treat them as distinct when engaging in certain sorts of explanatory projects, but
it is not the case that organisms “fit” into pre-configured environments. Rather, as Lewontin
(1986) has observed “the environments of organisms are made by the organisms themselves as
a consequence of their own life activities” (280).
Walsh (2014) has expanded on Lewontin’s insight, and explored what it means to say that
organisms are entangled with their worlds, using the metaphor of the
affordance landscape. On
the traditional view of evolutionary change, organisms adapt to the world into which they are
thrown. According to that picture, the environment provides a sort of template to which suc-
cessful organisms conform. Members of a population either conform to the adaptive demands
of the world in which they find themselves or they disappear. Successful organisms are described
as occupying a pre-existing niche which, like a niche in which a statue is placed, is completely
independent of its occupant. This is a picture that represents organisms as essentially passive
systems—blank slates upon which the environment impresses itself. Walsh argues that this way
of picturing the organism/world relation misrepresents it. He argues that organisms live in a
world of affordances—opportunities for action. What counts as an affordance for an organism
of a certain kind, that is, what counts as part of the environment
for that organism, is dependent
on the nature of the organism itself.
Affordances are not ‘autonomous’ from organisms, nor is there an asymmetric de-
pendence of organisms on affordances. There is a reciprocity between organisms
and affordances that does not hold between organisms and their niches and en-
vironments. What a feature of an environment affords an organism depends (in
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