smith: organisms as persisters
10
other places where airflow is restricted, worker bees ensure adequate air flow by fanning into
and out of the entrance of the hive, causing the hive as a whole to “inhale” and “exhale” air
(Seeley 1985). Honey bee reproduction does not depend on the queen alone, but involves a
complex organization of activities on the part of the whole hive. Here is a description of the
reproductive process:
The development of an individual honey bee does not differ much from that of any
other holometabolic insect in principle, yet there are dramatic biotic constraints
which govern the development of a honey bee. Most evident is the developmental
pathway from egg to adult which can only occur in the presence of large numbers of
other bees. The large body of workers is instrumental for brood rearing. They pro-
vide the combs where the queen deposits the eggs. They feed and foster the larvae
and maintain the correct temperature for brood development. They also provide a
nest site which is of crucial importance for temperature control and protection of
the stores and the brood against predators. Thus, the successful completion of the
above developmental cycle depends intricately on the presence of an intact colony
comprised of a nest cavity, combs and a large number of other bees (Moritz and
Fuchs 1998, 8).
Of note is that the whole colony has a life cycle: it begins with a single queen, grows, and
eventually reproduces. When the hive reaches maximum capacity, more than half of the worker
bees and the queen leave the hive to find a new one, and the remaining workers and the new
queen (or queen-to-be cells) then reconstitute the hive (Seeley 1985).
Honey bee systems, too, are often treated as cases of marginal organismality because they
lack the
sort of integration that an individual animal is said to have. (“Superorganisms” are often
treated as organisms only analogically). Any particular honey bee is clearly an individual organ-
ism, but to understand some things about honey bees, one needs to treat their colonies as whole
organisms too. The worker bees are not differentiated in the sense of consisting of subgroups
each of which performs some fixed function or set of functions, and they are therefore not in-
tegrated in the same way that metazoan cells are. But differentiation and integration can be
realized in more than one way. In the case of the honey bee colony, the differentiation among
worker bees is realized by their ability to flexibly adopt diverse functional roles as the circum-
stances demand (for example, foraging, repairing, and fanning the hive), and the integration of
these differentiated parts accounts for the persistence of the hive.
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