leadership development: identify high-potential people, and then provide them with the mentoring,
support, and resources needed to grow to achieve their potential. To identify these high-potential
future leaders, each year companies spend billions of dollars assessing and evaluating talent. Despite
the popularity of this model, givers recognize that it is fatally flawed in one respect. The
identification of talent may be the wrong place to start.
For many years, psychologists believed that in any domain, success depended on talent first and
motivation second. To groom world-class athletes and musicians, experts looked for people with the
right raw abilities, and then sought to motivate them. If you want to find people who can dunk like
Michael Jordan or play piano like Beethoven, it’s only natural to start by screening candidates for
leaping ability and an ear for music. But in recent years, psychologists have come to believe that this
approach may be backward.
In the 1960s, a pioneering psychologist named Raymond Cattell developed an
investment theory
of intelligence
. He proposed that interest is what drives people to invest their time and energy in
developing particular skills and bases of knowledge. Today, we have compelling evidence that
interest precedes the development of talent. It turns out that motivation is the reason that people
develop talent in the first place.
In the 1980s, the psychologist Benjamin Bloom led a
landmark study of world-class musicians,
scientists, and athletes
. Bloom’s team interviewed twenty-one concert pianists who were finalists in
major international competitions. When the researchers began to dig into the eminent pianists’ early
experiences with music, they discovered an unexpected absence of raw talent. The study showed that
early on most of the star pianists seemed “special only when comparing one child with others in the
family or neighborhood.” They didn’t stand out on a local, regional, or national level—and they
didn’t win many early competitions.
When Bloom’s team interviewed the world-class pianists and their parents, they stumbled upon
another surprise. The pianists didn’t start out learning from piano teachers who were experts. They
typically took their first piano lessons with a teacher who lived nearby in their neighborhoods. In
The
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