that, when a node detects the failure of a link directly connected to itself, it can
immediate switch to backup paths that are specifically computed for this failure.
Based on this basic framework, current solutions fall into two categories. The
first category computes multiple next-hops for each destination such that, even
if routers independently select them in a hop-by-hop manner for detouring the
failed links, loop-free can still be guaranteed, and thus packet
routing/forwarding can be done as usual, i.e., no further cooperation or
signaling mechanisms are needed.
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