HANDOUT 3. Complete each sentence with a suitable phrase containing the verb in
brackets in an appropriate form.
Lesson plan 15
Theme: Revision
Level: Intermediate
Materials: Blackboard, Projector, laptop, different handouts
Aim: To raise the awareness about
the Course “Practical Grammar”
Time:
80 min
Conjunctions
English countable nouns have two numbers — the
singular
and the
plural
.
The main types of the plural forms of English nouns are as follows:
I. 1. The general rule for forming the plural of English nouns is by adding the ending
-s (-
es)
to the singular;
-s
is pronounced in different ways:
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[Iz] after sibilants:
noses, horses, bridges.
[z] after voiced consonants other than sibilants and after vowels:
flowers, beds, doves, bees,
boys.
[s] after voiceless consonants other than sibilants:
caps, books, hats, cliffs.
2.If the noun ends in
-s, -ss, -x, -sh, -ch,
or
-tch,
the plural is formed by adding
-es
to the
singular:
bus — buses
glass — glasses
box — boxes
brush — brushes
bench — bencftes
match — matches
3. If the noun ends in
-y
preceded by a consonant,
у
is changed into
i
before
-es.
fly — flies
army — armies
lady — ladies
In proper names, however, the plural is formed by adding the ending
-s
to the singular:
Mary,
Marys.
\ 4. If the noun ends in
-o
preceded by a consonant, the plural is generally formed by
adding
-es.
Only a few nouns ending in
-o
preceded by a consonant form the plural in
-s.
cargo — cargoes
hero — heroes
potato — potatoes
echo — echoes
b u t: piano — pianos
solo — solos
photo — photos
All nouns ending in
-o
preceded by a vowel form the plural in
-s
and not in
-es.
cuckoo — cuckoos
portfolio — portfolios
There are a few nouns ending in
-o
which form the plural both in
-s
and
-es:
mosquito — mosquitos
or
mosquitoes
5. With certain nouns the final voiceless consonants are changed into the corresponding
voiced consonants when the noun takes the plural form.
(a) The following nouns ending in
-f
(in some cases followed by a mute
e)
change it
into
v
(both in spelling and pronunciation) in the plural:
wife — wives
thief — thieves
knife — knives
calf — calves
life — lives
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half — halves
sheaf — sheaves
shelf — shelves
leaf — leaves
wolf — wolves
There are some nouns ending in
-f
which have two forms in the plural:
scarf — scarfs
or
scarves
wharf — wharfs
or
wharves
(b) Nouns ending in
-th
[T] after long vowels change it into [D] in pronunciation (which does
not affect their spelling).
II. The plural forms of some nouns are survivals of earlier formations.
1. There are seven nouns which form the plural by changing the root vowel:
man — men
woman — women
foot — feet
tooth — teeth
goose — geese
mouse — mice
louse — lice
2. There are two nouns which form the plural in
-en:
ox — oxen
child — children
N o t e. — The noun
brother
has, beside its usual plural form
brothers,
another plural form
brethren,
which is hardly ever used in colloquial
language. It belongs to the elevated style and denotes people of the same
creed and not relationship.
The noun
cow
has, beside its usual plural form
cows,
a plural
kine,
which
sometimes occurs in poetry.
3. In some nouns the plural form does not differ from the singular:
deer, sheep, swine, fish,
trout.
IV. In compound nouns the plural is formed in different ways.
1. As a rule a compound noun forms the plural by adding
-s
to the head-word:
editor-in-chief — editors-in-chief
brother-in-law — brothers-in-law
looker-on — lookers-on
2. In some compound nouns the final element takes the plural form:
lady-bird — lady-birds
3. If there is no noun-stem in the compound,
-s
is added to the last element:
forget-me-not — forget-me-nots
merry-go-round — merry-go-rounds
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V. Some nouns have only the plural form:
1.
Trousers, spectacles, breeches, scissors, tongs, fetters.
These are for the most part names of
things which imply plurality or consist of two or more parts.
2.
Billiards, barracks, works.
These nouns may be treated as singulars. We may say:
a
chemical works, a barracks,
etc.
3. Words like
phonetics, physics, politics, optics,
etc. are usually treated as singulars except in
some special cases.
It
was
not practical
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