Questions 1-10 Complete the table below. Write one word and / or a number

36
City planners should travel to urban areas that are good models of 
development. 
37 
It is easier to plan an entirely new neighbourhood than redevelop an 
existing one. 
38 
In the future, planners must think about the needs of car drivers as 
they design urban areas. 
39
Cultural venues need to take second place to retail opportunities 
when developing a neighbourhood. 
40
It is important that new housing developments encourage social 
diversity. 
Exam
Practice
Test
2
12
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The birth of modern American dance occurred in the first years of the twentieth 
century. And, perhaps unusually for academics, dance historians hold 
remarkably similar views when it comes to identifying early 1900s, we can see 
that dancers quite deliberately moved away from previous approaches. This 
included rejecting both the formal moves of ballet dancing and the 
entertainment of vaudeville dancing. As a result, dancers began the new century 
with a fresh start. One important figure at this time was Loie Fuller, who 
performed largely with her arms, perhaps because she had limited dance 
training. Fuller emphasized visual effects rather than storytelling, and pioneered 
the use of artificial lighting to create shadows while dancing.
Perhaps most influential in the early years was Isadora Duncan, who was well 
known in both America and Europe. Duncan refused to wear elaborate 
costumes, preferring to dance in plain dresses and bare feet. She is also notable 
for preferring music written by classical composers such as Chopin and 
Beethoven, rather than contemporary compositions. At a similar time, Ruth St 
Denis was bringing the dance training academy with her husband with the 
intention of passing on her approach and style to the next generation of 
American dancers. 
By the 1920s, the modern dance movement in America was well established. 
Audiences were enthusiastic and dancers were increasingly prepared to 
experiment with new ideas. Martha Graham was one of an important group 
who emerged in New York. Graham looked within herself to find her dance 
style, examining how her body moved as she breathed, but also observing the 
patterns made by her limbs when walking in order to find a new, naturalistic 
approach to dance. Doris Humphrey wanted her dance to reflect her personal 
experience of American life. She explored the concept of gravity, allowing her 
body to fall, only to recover at the last moment. Her book 
The Art of Making 
Dances, 
which detailed her approach to dance composition, was highly 
influential with later generations of dancers. 
By the 1930s, modern dance was becoming an accepted, respectable art form. 
Universities such as Bennington College included modern dance in their 
performing arts programmes for the first time. In the 1940s, German-born
 
 
dancer
Hanya
Holm
embraced
the
changing
times
by
including
modern
dance
in
mainstream
musicals
on
the
Broadway
stage.
Among
Holm’s
many
other
innovations
was
bringing
her
own
humour
to
these
performances
–
audiences
adored
it.
Modern
American
dance
has
seldom
stood
still.
Each
new
generation
of
dancers
either
developed
the
techniques
of
their
teachers
or
rejected
them
outright.
So
by
the
1950s
the
techniques
of
traditional
European
ballet
dancing
were
again
influential.
This
was
certainly
true
of
Erick
Hawkins,
who
also
incorporated
Native
American
and
Asian
styles.
Similarly,
Merce
Cunningham
emphasized
the
leg
actions
and
flexibility
of
the
spine
associated
with
ballet
moves.
Paul
Taylor
preferred
his
dance
to
reflect
the
experiences
and
interactions
of
ordinary
people
going
about
their
everyday
lives.
Taylor’s
career
was
the
subject
of
a
documentary
that
provided
valuable
insights
into
this
period
of
dance.
The
middle
decades
of
the
20
th
century
were
certainly
a
dynamic
time.
Increasingly,
the
modern
dance
movement
recognized
and
reflected
the
fact
that
America
was
a
multi-racial,
multi-cultural
society.
Katherine
Dunham,
an
anthropology
graduate,
used
movements
from
Pacific,
African
and
Caribbean
dance
to
create
her
unique
style.
Pearl
Primus
was
another
champion
of
African
dance,
which
she
passed
on
through
her
dance
school
in
New
York.
After
retirement
she
travelled
widely
to
universities
throughout
America
lecturing
on
ethnic
dance,
which
became
her
main
priority.
Modern
dance
since
the
1980s
has
become
a
mix
of
multiple
forms
of
dance,
as
well
as
art
more
generally.
For
example,
Mark
Morris’s
hugely
popular
work
The
Hard
Nut
includes
sensational
costumes
and
a
stage
design
inspired
by
the
comics
he’d
always
enjoyed.
Another
innovator
has
been
Ohad
Naharin,
who
studied
in
New
York
and
has
worked
internationally.
Naharin’s
‘Gaga’
style
is
characterized
by
highly
flexible
limbs
and
backbones,
while
in
rehearsal
his
dancers
have
no
mirrors,
feeling
their
movements
from
within
themselves,
a
break
from
traditional
dance
custom.
In
many
ways
it
was
a
fiXing
end
to
a
100-
year
period
that
had
witnessed
a
transformation
in
dance.
The
emergence
of
modern
American
dance
was
very
much
a
20
th
-century
phenomenon.
The
style
drew
on
influences
from
home
and
abroad
and
in
turn
went
on
to
influence
global
dance
culture.
READING
PASSAGE-1
You
should
spend
about
20
minutes
on
Questions
1-13,
which
are
based
on
Reading
Passage
1
below.
The
History
of
Modern
American
Dance
Exam
Practice
Test
3
13
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READING PASSAGE-1 Questions 
Questions 1-6 
Do the following statements agree with the information given 
in Reading Passage 1? 
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write 
TRUE
If the statement agrees with the information 
FALSE
If the statement contradicts the information 
NOT GIVEN
If there is no information on this 
1
 
Dance historians agree about the development of 
modern American dance. 
2
 
Dancers in the early 1900s tended to copy the styles of 
earlier dancers. 
3
 
Loie Fuller preferred to dance alone on stage. 
4
 
Isadora Duncan wore complicated clothing when 
dancing.
5
 
Some dancers criticized Isadora Duncan for her choice 
of music. 
6
 
Ruth St Denis wished to educate others in her style of 
dancing.
Questions 7-10 
Complete the notes below. 
Choos 
ONE WORD ONLY
 from the passage for each answer
. 
Developments in Modern American Dance 
1920s-1940s 
•
Martha Graham based her dance on human actions such
as breathing and 
7
……………….. . 
•
Doris Humphrey wrote an important 
8
……………….. 
about her ideas. 
•
Dance became a respectable subject to study at
university.
•
Hanya Holm introduced 
9 
……………….. into dance
and musicals.
1950s-1970s 
•
Eric Hawkins and Merce Cunningham reintroduced some
ballet techniques.
•
An influential 
10 
……………….. outlined the working
life of Paul Taylor.
Questions 11-13 
Answer the questions below. 
Choose 
ONE WORD ONLY
 from the passage for each answer. 
11
When Pearl Primus gave up dancing, what did she focus 
on doing? 
12
What was an important influence for Mark Morris’s The 
Hard Nut? 
13
Dancers working with Ohad Naharin practise without 
using what? 
14
Exam
Practice Test
 3
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