Questions 1-10 Complete the table below. Write one word and / or a number

ONE WORD ONLY
 from the passage for each answer. 
24
The decision by US farmers to grow …………………. had an effect on 
land in Brazil. 
25
……………………… is threatened when trees are cut down so crops can 
be planted. 
26
Rivers may be polluted by the …………………………….. that farmers use 
on biofuel crops. 
Exam
Practice
Test
6
34
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READING PASSAGE-3 
You should spend about 20 minutes on 
Questions 27-40,
 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. 
Team Building 
If you thought ancient monuments were built in honour of gods and kings, think 
again, says Laura Spinney 
At Poverty Point in the US state of Louisiana, a remarkable monument overlooks 
the Mississippi river. Built around 3,500 years ago entirely from earth, it consists of 
six semi-circular ridges and five mounds. ‘Mound A’, as archaeologists refer to it, is 
the largest at 22 metres high. The earth mounds at Poverty Point are not just 
impressive, they are also intriguing. Ancient monuments have always been regarded 
as products of large, hierarchical societies, built as tributes to gods and kings. But 
the creators of the Poverty Point monument were hunter-gatherers, who functioned 
in more democratic way. They may have looked to elders for guidance, but these 
would not have exerted a commanding influence over their small groups. So who, or 
what, motivated building on such a grand scale? 
Archaeologists have been excavating Poverty Point for more than a century. 
However, the truly remarkable nature of Mound A only emerged a few years ago. 
This was when a team led by Tristram Kidder of Washington University drilled into 
the mound. They saw for the first time that it consisted of neat layers of differently 
coloured earth. It rains a lot around Poverty Point, and we know that fluctuations int 
temperature and increased flooding eventually led to its abandonment. But Kidder 
could see no sign that the layers had combined as you might expect if it had rained 
during construction. Kidder reached a startling conclusion: Mound A must have 
been built in one short period, perhaps in as little as 30 days, and probably no more 
than 90.
Mound A contains nearly 240,000 cubic metres of earth; the equivalent of 32,000 
truckloads. There were no trucks, of course, nor any other heavy machinery, animals 
like mule to carry the earth, or wheelbarrows. Assuming it did take 90 days, 
Kidder’s group calculated that around 3,000 backet-carrying individuals would have 
been needed to get the job done. Given that people probably travelled in family 
groups, as many as 9,000 people may have assembled at Poverty Point during 
construction. ‘If that’s true, it was an extraordinarily large gathering,’ says Kidder. 
Why would they have chosen to do this? 
Another archaeologist, Carl Lipo, thinks he has the answer: the same reason that the 
people of Easter Island built their famous stone heads. When Lipo first went to 
Easter Island, the prevailing idea was that the enormous statue had been rolled into 
place using logs, and the resulting deforestation contributed to the human 
population’s collapse. But Lipo and fellow archaeologist Terry Hunt showed the 
statues could have been ‘walked’ upright into place by cooperating bands of people 
using ropes, with no need for trees. They argue further that by making statues, 
people’s energy was directed into peaceful interactions and information-sharing. 
They ceased crafting statues, Lipo claims, precisely because daily existence became 
less of a challenge, and it was no longer so important that they work together.
An ancient temple known as Gobekli Tepe in south-east Turkey is another site 
where a giant team-building project might have taken place. Since excavations 
started, archaeologists have uncovered nine enclosures formed of massive stone 
pillars. Given the vast size of these pillars, a considerable workforce would have 
been needed to move them. But what archaeologists have also discovered is that 
every so often the workers filled in the enclosures with broken rock and built new 
ones. The apparent disposability of these monuments makes sense if the main aim 
was building a team rather than a lasting structure. Indeed, the many bones from 
animals such as gazelle found in the filled-in enclosures suggest people held feasts 
to celebrate the end of collaborative effort.
A number of researchers share Lipo’s view that the need to cooperate is what drove 
monument makers. But as you might expect when a major shift in thinking is 
proposed, not everyone goes along with it. The sceptics include Tristram Kidder. 
For him, the interesting question is not ‘Did cooperative building promote group 
survival’ but ‘What did the builders think they were doing?’ All human behaviour 
comes down to a pursuit of food and self-preservation, he says. As for why people 
came to Poverty Point, he and his colleagues have suggested it was a pilgrimage 
site.
If Lipo is right, have we in any inherited our ancestor’s tendency to work together 
for the sake of social harmony? Evolutionary biologist David Sloan Wilson thinks 
we have. Wilson cites the Burning Man festival, promoted as an experiment in 
community and art, which draws thousands of people to Nevada’s Black Rock 
Desert each summer. Among the ten principles laid down by co-founder Larry 
Harvey ate ‘inclusion’ and ‘community effort’. Another is ‘leaving no trace’, 
meaning that whatever festival-goers create they destroy before departing. In this 
way, the desert landscape is only temporarily disturbed. Wilson says there is 
evidence that such cooperative ventures matter more today than ever because we are 
dependent on a wider range of people than our ancestors were. Food, education, 
security: all are provided by people beyond our family group. Recently, as part of 
his Neighbourhood Project in Binghamton, Wilson and his colleagues helped locals 
create their own parks. ‘This brought people together and enabled them to cooperate 
in numerous other contexts,’ he explains. This included helping with repair after a 
series of floods in 2011. Social psychologist Susan Fiske of Princeton University 
also sees value in community projects. Her research shows, for example, that they 
can help break down the ill-informed views that people hold towards others they 
have observed but do not usually interact with. So if modern projects really help 
build better communities, that will surely be a monumental achievement.