176
Containing China
Shigenori’s decision to stage
The China Mirror
at Dazaifu can be under-
stood as a gesture to enhance the work’s veracity.
It is well known, however, that this was not the only position that
Dazaifu enjoyed in the medieval Japanese imagination. It also had a
lengthy history as a site of exile, particularly of the unjust sort, and the
most famous example of this was the maligned China scholar Sugawara
no Michizane.
113
In fact, when the narrator recalls the “verse on autum-
nal reverie,” the passage reproduces almost verbatim one from
The Great
Mirror
in which Michizane in exile recalls the Double Nines banquet of
the previous year and thereupon composes the verse that opens with the
couplet Shigenori cites.
114
In invoking Michizane I presume that Shigenori was not looking to
overtly criticize the decision to assign him to the role of tutor to Imperial
Prince–Shogun Munetaka, although the defining feature of Michizane’s
exile was its injustice. The Kamakura posting may well have been frus-
trating, but it seems too obvious and risky a move for Shigenori to have
cast himself as a slandered and vengeful exile. Rather, he takes advan-
tage of the preface to gesture not only to Michizane but also to famed
Chinese poets. Thus, the preface becomes a plea for sympathy as well as
a literary tour de force that demonstrates Shigenori’s mastery of the Chi-
nese poetic tradition.
One author Shigenori thus engages with was a poet-bureaucrat who
more than once found himself on the wrong side of disputes and, as a
result, posted far from the cultural center: Bai Juyi. Although Bai’s career
had its ups and downs, the esteem in which he was held in medieval Ja-
pan is well known. Therefore, a gesture to Bai creates the possibility for
a more auspicious reading of the poetic undertones of the preface, even
an eventual vindication and appreciation. What the three figures—
Michizane, Bai, and Shigenori’s narrator—have in common in this type
of interpretation is the distance between the loyal scholar–bureaucrat/ lit-
eratus and the capital, rather than a fatal and unjust exile.
115
113. On the broad topic of the trope of exile, see Stockdale,
Imagining Exile in Heian
Japan
, 9–11. For a short overview of Michizane and other cases of exile in literature, see
ibid., 74–75. Stockdale also touches on Michizane’s depiction in the
Gukanshō
in ibid., 73.
114. Ishikawa,
Ōkagami
, 69. For a lengthier discussion of this scene in
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