180
Containing China
famed literati and thinkers, allying him with the topos of the loyal ex-
pert and gifted individual who serves at a remote locale (to say nothing
of the wisdom of an emperor). It is a complicated and lonely journey Shig-
enori creates, but given the allusions beyond Michizane, the possibility
of eventual success and recognition emerges.
Thus, in terms of both the historical and literary associations it evokes,
Dazaifu proves to be a highly charged narrative site, one that taps into
not only Japanese history and literature, but also China and Chinese
learning in multiple ways.
123
To reiterate, it heightens the plausibility of
the transmission from Chinese informants, while at the same time con-
necting the narrator to familiar tropes from the both the Japanese and
Chinese traditions. Furthermore, it achieves one other thing with regard
to the broader project of
Mirror
writing: in removing the setting from
the home provinces and turning its gaze to China, in addition to creat-
ing the possibility for a noncourt focus, it opens the door for
Mirrors
to
be set outside of the confines of the court’s immediate reach. Consciously
or no, this uncoupling from sites in relatively close proximity to Kyoto or
Nara echoes a real-world redistribution of power, especially after the failed
J
ō
ky
ū
Disturbance of 1221, and shifts in institutional authority. As chap-
ters
4 and 5 demonstrate, subsequent
Mirrors
and
Mirror
-inspired writ-
ings will continue to exploit new possibilities for narrative sites that speak
to each author’s particular loyalties.
PRINCIPLES PAST:
RHETORICAL LIMITS
AND CONCEPTUAL SHIFTS
Although Shigenori has created a China removed from contemporary Ja-
pan in
The China Mirror
, this is not to imply that China’s past is some-
how irrelevant. China—or, more precisely, Chinese history—is a medium
for reflecting a lesson, just as Japanese history has been in the earlier
Mir-
rors
. Yet unlike the earlier
Mirrors
,
The China Mirror
makes no explicit
mention of “principles” or cause and effect. All the reader is told is that
things are deteriorating in China. On the one hand, it is possible to take
decline itself as the principle that informs
The China Mirror
; on the other
123. Stockdale observes, “In this Heian imagination of exile, any divide between
history and fiction was thoroughly blurred” (
Imagining Exile in Heian Japan
, 2).
The Continent as Object of Knowledge
181
hand, it is noteworthy that the rhetoric of principles is entirely absent from
the surviving portion of
The China Mirror
, including the preface (the typ-
ical
site of exposition on a
Mirror
’s principles).
This move away from
explicitly articulated principles reflects a shift in the ways in and ends to
which the past is being read in
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