mizunoto-mi
, in the first month, a person of Chi-
nese extraction first presented the Stomping and Singing Dance. . . .
93
These excerpts provide an image of Jit
ō
’s court as administratively proac-
tive and enjoying stable relations with Silla and having at least a certain
interest in continental culture. The entry from
The Water Mirror
, in con-
trast, offers almost nothing beyond the standard information about her
ascension to the throne. The same dance performance is noted (though
93. Kuroita,
Fusō ryakki
, 69. For
The Water Mirror
’s biography, see Kaneko e
t
al.,
Mizukagami zen chūshaku
, 263.
126
Deviant by Design
not its foreign origins), as is her retirement. In other words, because the
bulk of the information in
Abbreviated Records
revolves around mundane
matters of statecraft and religious ritual, it seems to hold little interest
for Tadachika as he composes his narrative of continuous decline.
This disentanglement from the larger regional political context is even
true about the types of imagery used: much (but not all) of the concern
with celestial portents that is common to Chinese historiography and
more orthodox Japanese works such as
Abbreviated Records
is absent
from
The Water Mirror
. The only operative cosmological logic is that of
decline.
In sum, reading the two texts against each other reveals
The Water
Mirror
to be a work with a considerably narrower politico-cultural focus.
On the one hand, this is not unexpected, given Tadachika’s use of a more
vernacular style—after all, the entire account is framed as the eyewitness
testimony of a single figure, albeit an immortal one. The locally oriented
eyewitness account is precisely the type of text one would expect to see
written in a form of
wabun
. The fact that Tadachika’s tale transforms a
more externally oriented account written in the official language of this-
worldly government and bureaucracy into a less grounded, internally fo-
cused work in a colloquial register is to be expected. The language and
content reinforce each other in both cases.
94
On the other hand, what is
critical to thinking about Tadachika’s partial transformation of his source
models is the fact that this transformation is deliberately incomplete. De-
spite the marked differences in content, the position of
The Water Mirror
is more complicated, because
kanbun
is also always present. The text is
never a completely monolingual work. Tadachika’s multilingual approach
can be interpreted in at least two ways.
95
One of these readings is overtly
suggested within the text, and it is also reinforced by a second more
94. As mentioned above, this type of internal (to Japan) focus seems to be one of
the driving concerns behind Jien’s slightly later decision to write in
wabun
in the
Gukanshō
.
95. To say nothing of not taking this multilingualism as a “linguistic patholog[y].”
Regarding such a misdiagnosis of multilingual writing, see Amsler,
Affective Literacies
,
65. For a more thorough discussion of Amsler’s analysis and its relevance to the study at
hand, see the introduction. It should be noted that the
Shaku Nihongi
(Exegesis of The
Chronicles of Japan) of the late thirteenth century frames its critique of Japanese histo-
ries in terms of legibility and the use of a “linkage via years and months”—that is, an
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