Multilingual Writing in Medieval Japan
109
Eliding the Immediate: The Erasure of War
and a New Purpose for Ordering the Past
The earlier
Mirrors
were conservative, fundamentally nostalgic works. The
circular nature of historical movement as suggested by the narrative struc-
ture of
The New Mirror
in particular constituted a textual representation
of the past as in some limited way recoverable. Yet for
The Water Mirror
to repeat this logic would have rung hollow: the reality of the civil war
had demonstrated that the romanticized worlds of
The Great Mirror
and
The New Mirror
were irretrievable. Instead, Tadachika was left to create
a logic in which things were moving somewhere other than backward or
in impossible circles. The deployment of the
kalpa
cycle and its logic of
nonabsoluteness and the integration of the
micronarrative of decline
suggest an effort to actively reimagine the cosmos in response to real-
world
events and,
more significantly, demonstrate
how a conservative
genre such as the
Mirror
could be recast to meet the changing needs of
its readership.
As one further way of achieving this, Tadachika shifts his focus to
the distant past, a move that offers the most dramatic break with earlier
Mirrors
and permanently uncouples the genre from the need to recount
events of a local, recent past. In
The Water Mirror
, a very specific func-
tion can be attributed to this maneuver. Paradoxical though it may seem
at first, in eliding the recent war from the text’s account of the world,
The Water Mirror
offers a worldview that both validates the general expe-
rience of war and simultaneously makes sense of what could otherwise
be viewed as a devastating and unjustifiable loss, particularly to those who
were defeated in the Genpei War. In more abstract terms, a focus on the
distant past serves to deny the singularity of the war by demonstrating
that it was consistent with larger historical patterns. Tadachika narrates
a view of history in which the possibilities for the future continue to be
delimited by the logic of the past.
54
In other words, he denies attributing
54. The idea of history as a “constant singularity” and the view of its impact on
how history is understood that underlie this reading are based on Koselleck’s discussion
of this issue (
Futures Past
, 268).
110
Deviant by Design
to the Genpei War the power of a “rupture in continuity.”
55
Appearances to
the contrary notwithstanding, the disorder of the recent war does not
mark the beginning of anything new.
To be sure, one could argue that Tadachika had nowhere to turn but
the distant past, given that not much time had elapsed between the com-
position of
The New Mirror
and that of
The Water Mirror
. In terms of
imperial reigns, the 15–2
3
years between the two works would have left
Tadachika with a scant three “fresh” topics, had he confined himself to
imperial biographies: the remainder of Emperor Takakura’s reign through
1180, the short life of Emperor Antoku, and the first two-thirds of the
reign of Emperor Gotoba (1180–1239). Nevertheless, Tadachika would not
have been short of material had he been willing to consider families be-
yond the immediate imperial house, as the author of
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