Multilingual Writing in Medieval Japan
115
cussions of written styles conceptualize them in graphic terms (
mana
ver-
sus
kana
, and so on) rather than linguistic ones.”
69
A few lines later, he
reiterates the point more strongly: “The meaningful category of differ-
ence among texts in this period—and for a long time afterward—is not
linguistic, but rather graphic or stylistic.”
70
Lurie’s point that Heian audiences did not see texts written in
kan-
bun
or
mana
as “foreign” is well taken. Nonetheless, two thirteenth-
century texts suggest that closer to the time of the composition of
The
Water Mirror
, even if everything could be read aloud using
kundoku
, writ-
ers attributed distinct aural and visual attributes to
wabun
and
kanbun
writing that tended to blur linguistic and stylistic boundaries. This is not
to say that they were thinking of
kanbun
as an actual Chinese language
and
wabun
as Japanese, but rather to point to how at this particular mo-
ment, the
kan
漢
(China) of
kanbun
and
wa
和
(Japan) of
wabun
could
have oppositional valences tied to ideas of their respective origins. Both
Jien’s
My Humble Thoughts
and Tachibana Narisue’s
Kokon chomonjū
(No-
table Tales Old and New, written in 1254), texts discussed in chapte
r
3,
expressly frame their writing choices oppositionally, with terms defined
in the rhetoric of “familiar” and otherwise. For Jien, the dichotomy is be-
tween writing in “Japanese” (
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