Revised january 30, 2009 a tangled web

(Szczuczyn). It should be noted that the Soviet underground also had liaison men who infiltrated the German police. See Kahn, No Time To Mourn, 130; Nachum Alperovich, “Thus It Began: Chapters from the Underground,” in Meyerowitz, ed., The Scroll of Krzeniac, 321ff.; Alexander Manor, Itzchak Ganusovitch, and Aba Lando, eds., Sefer Lida (Tel Aviv: Former Residents of Lida in Israel and the Relief Committee of Lida Jews in USA, 1970), 367ff.; posted on the Internet in English translation as Book of Lida at: .

435 Bernhard Chiari, “Has There Been a People’s War? The History of the Second World War in Belarus, 60 Years After the Surrender of the Third Reich,” in De Wever, et al., Local Government in Occupied Europe (1939–1945), 236.

436 Wołkonowski, Okręg Wileński Związku Walki Zbrojnej Armii Krajowej w latach 1939–1945, 76.

437 Evgenij Rosenblat, “Belarus: Specific Features of the Region’s Jewish Collaboration and Resistance,” in Gaunt, et al., eds., Collaboration and Resistance During the Holocaust, 261–82.

438 Bernhard Chiari, “Has There Been a People’s War? The History of the Second World War in Belarus, 60 Years After the Surrender of the Third Reich,” in De Wever, et al., Local Government in Occupied Europe (1939–1945), 235.

439 For example, in Głębokie: “A goodly portion of the peasants did not want to make the exchange. They would prefer to remain in their own homes, near their fields, their gardens, orchards, barns and stables, where they were born, grew up and lived their lives, rather than go into the expensive, beautiful [Jewish] apartments in the center of the city.” See M. and Z. Rajak, Memorial Book of Gluboke (Canton, New York, 1994), 46; translation of Khurbn Glubok…Koziany (Buenos Aires: Former Residents’ Association in Argentina, 1956).

440 Rajak, Memorial Book of Gluboke, 51.

441 Testimony of Liber Losh of Szczuczyn, Yad Vashem Archives, 03/4378, O33C.

442 “The Diary of Hinda Daul,” in Gelbart, ed., Sefer Zikharon le-kehilat Oshmana, 25ff.

443 Tec, In the Lion’s Den, 76.

444 Kruk, The Last Days of the Jerusalem of Lithuania, 289.

445 Testimony of Leon Salomon, dated June 18, 1990, Voice/Vision Holocaust Survivor Oral History Archive, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Internet: ,http://holocaust.umd.edu/salomon/>.

446 Silverman, From Victims to Victors, 83. This memoir goes on to describe the activities of dozens of local residents, mostly Poles, who assisted the Jews.

447 Ibid., 259.

448 Lyuba Rudnicki, “Outside of the Ghetto,” in Yerushalmi, ed., Navaredok Memorial Book, Internet: , 246 ff.

449 Yoran, The Defiant, 78.

450 Ibid., 88, 97, 99, 122.

451 Kahn, No Time To Mourn, 42–45, 51, 55.

452 Ibid., 75, 77, 79, 83.

453 Ibid., 81–84, 111–12, 114.

454 Ibid., 124.

455 Account of Dr. Kac in Żbikowski, Archiwum Ringelbluma, vol. 3, 473–74.

456 Berk, Destined to Live, 61–97. On his return to Baranowicze after the “liberation” of that town, the author was received warmly by a Polish schoolmate. Ibid., 219–21.

457 Yehuda Bauer, “Jewish Baranowicze in the Holocaust,” Yad Vashem Studies, vol. 31 (2003): 123, 139–40.

458 Account of Zalman Uri Gurevitz in Meyerowitz, ed. The Scroll of Kurzeniac.

459 Account of Yitzhak Zimerman in Meyerowitz, ed. The Scroll of Kurzeniac.

460 Nachum Alperovich, “Thus It Began: Chapters from the Underground,” in Meyerowitz, ed. The Scroll of Kurzeniac, 321ff.

461 Charles Gelman, Do Not Go Gentle: A Memoir of Jewish Resistance in Poland, 1941–1945 (Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1989), 90–91.

462 Account of Y.G. in Trunk, Jewish Responses to Nazi Persecution, 209–11. Yad Vashem recognized Jan Starzyk and his mother Elżbieta Starzyk for their rescue of six Jews whom they sheltered in their home after the liquidation of the local ghetto in September 1942: Azriel Tunik, Nechama Filszick and her 8-year-old daughter Chana, and the three Kaplan sisters: Ester, Dvora, and Zahava. See Gutman and Bender, eds., The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 5: Poland, Part 2, 748.

463 Tec, Resilience and Courage, 285–86.

464 Account of Y. L. in Trunk, Jewish Responses to Nazi Persecution, 303.

465 Account of Rachel Potchter, Alufi and Barkeli, “Aishishuk”; Its History and Its Destruction, 70–71.

466 Account of Yehuda Shwartz in Losh, ed., Sefer zikaron le-kehilot Shtutshin Vasilishki Ostrina Novi Dvor Rozhanka, 245 [331].

467 Account of Faygel Gerber in Moorstein, Zelva Memorial Book, 80–81. See also Gutman and Bender, eds., The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 4: Poland, Part One, 55.

468 Lazar, Destruction and Resistance, 147–48.

469 Tec, Defiance, 68–69.

470 According to the Yad Vashem Institute: “Dozens of Jews who lived in the district capital of Nowogrodek [Nowogródek] owed their lives to the five members of the Bobrowski family, who saved Jewish refugees without expecting anything in return. Franciszek Bobrowski and his family were simple, uneducated folk who lived in a small cottage on the outskirts of Nowogrodek. The Bobrowskis, who were poor, hunted stray dogs and skinned them for a living. Guided by humanitarian considerations, they opened their door to Jewish fugitives from the Nowogrodek ghetto, fed them, and allowed them to rest for a while. In the dead of the night, the Bobrowskis took the fugitives to the nearby forest, where they joined the partisan unit run by the Bielski brothers. The Bobrowskis, known as dog hunters, became a household name among Jews escaping from the ghetto, who knew that they could count on them to find them a safe shelter. At the start of the summer of 1944, several weeks before the area was liberated, informers denounced the Bobrowskis to the authorities, who raided their home and killed the Jewish family that was staying there. Afterwards, the Germans burned down the Bobrowskis’ cottage and pushed Franciszek and his wife, Franciszka, into the flames. Their sons, Stefan and Michal [Michał], were arrested and executed, while their daughter, Maria, was sent to a concentration camp in Germany, which she survived.” See Gutman and Bender, eds., The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 4: Poland, Part 1, 98–99.

471 Kagan and Cohen, Surviving the Holocaust with the Russian Jewish Partisans, 57–59. Konstantin (Kostik) Kozlovsky’s younger brother, who used his position as a policeman in Nowogródek to assist in escape attempts and to deliver weapons and intelligence to the Bielski brothers, was also captured by the Germans, shot and his body burned. See Duffy, The Bielski Brothers, 131. Konstantin (Kostik) Kozlovsky and his sons, Genadi and Vladimir, were recognized by Yad Vashem.

472 Rubin, Against the Tide, 104–106. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website, Piotr Kolenda was a landowner from Nowogródek who knew both both the Bielski and Dzienciolski families before the war. During the German occupation he helped hide the women before they could safely go to the forest and continued to assist members of the Bielski group while they were in the forest. Like most Polish rescuers he was never recognized by Yad Vashem. See “The Bielski Partisans—Photography,” Internet: