S. M. NƏBİyeva, Ş. H. KƏRİmova f. S
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VOCABULARY
Collapse крушение , падение; падать , рушиться енмя, йыхылма, сцгут Face лицо ; стать лицом к лицу ; номинальная ( стоимость) цз, цз-цзя дурмаг, цзляшмяк Advance наступление , выдвижение вперед ; выдвигаться вперед авансировать ; ирялилямя, сычрайыш, габаьа эетмя Advanced передовой , «продвинутый» габагжыл Decade декада , десятиелетие онэцнлцк, декада Wealth богатство вар – дювлят, сярвят Exist существовать мювжуд олмаг Protect защищать мцдафия етмяк Ownership собственность , владение сащибкарлыг Support поддержка ; поддерживать арха, дайаг олмаг Infrastructure инфраструктура инфраструктур Accountant бухгалтер мцщасиб Former предыдущий яввялки, кечмиш, сабиг Formerly ранее еркян, яввял Force сила ; принуждать силой эцж, эцжя ещтийажы олмаг Trail путь , тропа йол Coupon купон , ваучер купон, ваучер Means средства васитя Spread распределять , распространять йаймаг Effective эффективный тясирли, еффектли, сямяряли Expropriate экспроприировать мцлкиййятдян мящрум етмяк Technique техника , технология техника, технолоэийа 55 Split разбивать на части, фрагменты щиссяляря бюлмяк Monopoly монополия монополийа, бир няфярдя жямляшмяк Regulatory регулирующие идаряедижи Behavior поведение давраныш Restore восстанавливать йенидян гурмаг, тикмяк, бярпа етмяк Revive возрождать гаршы олмаг, зидд олмаг, якс чыхмаг Divert отклонять (ся), отвлекать (ся) жялб етмяк, фикрини даьытмаг Concern конcерн Expansion распространение инкишаф, артырма, эенишляндирмя Contract law контрактное право мцгавиля щцгугу Financial support служба финансового малиййя йардымы Make sales производить продажу сатышы тяшкил етмяк Blaze a new trail прокладывать новую тропу йол ачмаг Half that time половина того времени щямин вахтын йарысы Write off past debts списывать старые долги кющня боржлары силмяк Loss-making убыточный иткили Wealth-creating прибыльный , создающий богатство эялирля, сярвят эятирян Exercise 1. Answer the Questions: 1. What countries began to privatize after the collapse of communism in eastern and central Europe? 2. Why didn’t these countries have enough wealth available for investment? 3. How do advanced economies protect private ownership? 4. How did governments spread ownership in the former socialist countries? 56 5. How did the management behave in “informal” privatization? 6. What did the new capitalist countries learn from the experience of their early leaders? 7. How can governments calm public fears about the behavior of the newly privatized operations? Exercise 2. Бурахылмыш сюзляри мятндян тапыб йериня гойун: Заполните пробелы словами из текста: 1. The problems in these economies were very different from those faced by the __________ economies. 2. Decades of low wages meant that little _________ was available for investment. 3. There were no laws to ______ or even permit private ownership. 4. There was no supporting _____ of contract law either. 5. The formerly socialist economies blazed a new ________ of privatization. 6. Sometimes they used the ____________ of “coupons” to the population as a means of spreading ownership. 7. In “informal” privatization management effectively ____________ what had been state property. 8. New capitalist countries learned from the ____ oftheir early leaders. 9. We used the techniques of writing ________past debts. 10. By restoring market incentives privatization _______ state-ownedindustries. 57 Exercise 3. Give the Russian and Azerbaijan equivalentsof the phrases 1. The collapse of communism 2. to begin to privatize 3. to make sales 4. to permit private ownership 5. financial support 6. a new trail of privatization 7. to distribute coupons to the population 8. to spread ownership 9. to face with sth. 10. to learn from one’s experience 11. to write off past debts 12. to calm public fears 13. to restore market incentives Exercise 4. Match the definitions of the words 1. collapse a. a small piece of printed paper that you can exchange for smth 2. infrastructure b. to take smb’s property and use it without permission 3. coupon c. a sudden failure of smth 4. monopoly d. a person whose job is to keep or check financial accounts 5.expropriate e. the basic systems and services that are necessary for a country 6. accountant f. the complete control or use of smth. 58 Exercise 5. Жцмляляри Инэилис дилиня тяржцмя един Переведите предложения на Английский язык 1. Вслед за крахом коммунизма в Восточой и Цен- тральной Европе Польша, Румыния, Венгрия, Чехосла- вакия и Россия начали работу по приватизации. 2. Десятилетия, на протяжении которых люди полу- чали низкую заработную плату, привели к тому, что у них оказалось очень мало средств для инвестирования. 3. Очень часто не было законов, чтобы защитить или даже разрешитьчастную собственность. 4. Не было вспомогательной инфраструктуры Конт- рактного права и финансовых служб, таких как банки и система бухгалтерского учета. 5. Иногда они использовали распределение ваучеров среди населения как средство распределениясобственности. 6. Тем не менее новые капиталистические страны использовали опыт своих ранних предшественников. 7. Они включали в себя списывание старых долгов, распределение акций среди работников, разделение моно- полий на конкурирующие элементы. 8. Восстановив рыночные мотивации и коммерческие реалии , приватизация возродила государственные отрасли. *** 1. Коммунизм ифласа уьрадыгдан сонра Шярэи вя Мяркязи Авропада Полша, Румынийа, Мажарыстан, Чехос- ловакийа вя Русийада юзяллишдирмя цзря ишляр башланды. 2. Онилликляр ярзиндя инсанларын алдыглары ашаьы ямяк щаггы она эятириб чыхарды ки, онларын капитал гойулушу цчцн вясаитляри аз иди. 3. Хцсуси мцлкиййяти мцдафия етмяк йахуд щялл етмякдян ютрц ганунлар йох иди. 4. Банк вя мцщасибат учоту кими малиййя хидмятляри вя контракт щугугунун йардымчы инфраструктуру йох иди. 59 5. Щярдян онлар мцлкиййятин бюлцшдцрцлмяси вясаити кими ящали арасында ваучерлярин пайланмасындан истифадя едирдиляр. 6. Буна бахмайараг йени капиталист юлкяляри юз яввял- ки сяляфляринин тяжрцбясиндян истифадя едирдиляр. 7. Онлар юзляриня кющня боржларын силинмясини, сящм- лярин ишчиляр арасында бюлцшдцрцлмясини, инщисарын рягабят едян елементлярини дахил едирдиляр. 8. Базар мафийасыны (инщисарыны) вя коммерсийа реаллыьыны бярпа едяряк, юзялляшдирмя дювлят сащялярини жанландырды. Exercise 6. Open the brackets putting the verbs in the correct active and passive form: History of RussianMoney The first Russian coins (to mint ) when Russian was converted to Christianity. Thegold and silver coins of Kievan Rus were first made under Grand Duke Vladimir Sviatoslavich in the late 10 th – early 11 th centure. After a long “coinless” period , minting (to resume) in the 1380s, under Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy of Muskovy. The Russian monetary system, which laid thefoundations ofnational accounting and even the present – day rouble, (to take) shape in the early 16 th century. Then, the chief currency unit was the silver kopeck with a depiction of a horseman with a lance (kopye inRussian), which was Russian’s emblem and the symbol of grand – ducal power. The kopeck’s emergence (to connect ) with the 1535 – 1538 reform of Yelena Glinskaya, who managed to create a single monetary system for the centralized Russian state, with the rouble containing 100 kopecks. But by the 17 th century, the Russian monetary system, based on just one type of coin, the one – kopeck piece, (to become) something of an anachronism, lagging behind the more convenientEuropean arrangement. Peter the Great (to bring) into circulation coinsof various denominations: one – 60 rouble, fifty – kopeck, ten – kopeck, and other coins. The drastic change also (to involve) the minting metal, with gold and copper coins being produced in addition to the traditional silver pieces, and machine – minted coins taking the places of the hand – made ones. The reform of finance minister Count Kankrin (1839 - 1843) was the first step towards tuning paper banknotes into money backed by precious metal reserves. The silver rouble (to recognize) as the principal monetary unit. During finance minister Sergei Witte’s tenure in office, paper banknotes (to back) by gold reserves worth 1,5 billion roubles, and a new monetary economy was set up on the basis of scientifically computed paper money emission rates. Thanks to Witte’s reform, Russiafinally (to manage) to close the age – old gap between itself and Europe and to integrate into the global financial system. The rouble (to become) convertible. In the post – 1917 period the paper banknotes of Soviet Russia(to issue). The monstrous hyperinflation of the first years ofSoviet power went down once the New Economic Policy was in place and the gold reserves in the country rebuilt. The chervonets, as the new unit equivalent to 10 pre – revolutionary roubles was known, (to help) revive the Russian monetary system founded by Witte.Itstayed in circulation until 1928. With the first 5 – year plan in operation, when the Government resumed its practice of high emission rates, inflation (to return) and the Soviet rouble became an exclusively domestic legal tender. Now the Russian rouble (to become) an international currency. 61 It is interesting to know. Describing food. Food and drink are described as bitter, sweet, salty, sour or spicy. An amount of a food prepared in a particular way and served at a meal is called a dish. Describing people People (or human beings) are male or female adults or children. They, their behavior or their attitude could be friendly, bad-tempered, aggressive, honest, dishonest, sincere, calm, an- xious, nervous, pleasant, unpleasant, intelligent, stupid, polite or rude. The way or manner in which somebody does something may be important. People do things deliberately or on purpose (=they mean to do it) or accidentally or by mistake (=they do not mean to do it) Somebody may have or show a quality or feeling such as respect, interest, pleasure, skill, emotion, excitement, enthusiasm, sympathy, courage or determination. Or they may show a lack of one at these qualities or a desire to do something. Jokes about Economics and Economists 1. An economist is someone who didn’t have enough personality to become an accountant. 2. An economist is someone who knows 100 ways to make love, but doesn’t know any women. 3. Economics is extremely useful as a foрm of employment for economists. 4. An economist, a philosopher, a biologist, and architect were arguing about what was God’s real profession. 62 The philosopher said, “Well, first and foremost, God is a philosopher because he created the principles by which man is to live.” “Ridiculous!” said the biologist. “Before that, God created man and woman and all living things. So, clearly, he was a biologist.” “Wrong,” said the architect. “Before that, he created the heavens and the earth. Before the earth, there was only complete confusion and chaos!” “Well,” said the economist, “where do you think the chaos came from?” 63 LESSON 8 ENTREPRENEURSHIP An entrepreneur organizes an enterprise. He also takes the risk of a business in return for the profits. He buys the workers’ products (their labor services). The workers receive wages in return for their work. An entrepreneur also introduces new products or processes. He identifies markets and sources of supply. In many cases, owners delegate decisions to managers. Is a salaried manager an entrepreneur, too? Some people think that owners very seldom delegate a key decision to managers, because owners do not trust them. But in practice many subordinates have incentives to maintain the company’s well - being because their promotion depends upon it. In this sense, both owners and managers can be entrepreneurs. So, an entrepreneur is either an owner or a manager who shows judgment in decision making. VOCABULARY Entrepreneurship предпринимательство сащибкарлыг Entrepreneur предприниматель сащибкар, мцяссися сащиби Enterprise предприятие мцяссися Profit прибыль эялир, газанж Product продукт мящсул Labor труд , рабочая сила ямяк, ишчи гцввяси Service услуга , обслуживание хидмят Wage заработная плата ямяк щаггы Introduce вводить , внедрять, представлять тягдим етмяк, бурахмаг Process процесс щадисянин эедиши инкишафы Identify определять мцяййянляшдирмяк Source источник мянбя Supply поставки , поставлять тяжщиз, тяжщиз етмяк 64 Own владеть сащиб олмаг, йийялянмяк Owner владелец сащибкар, сащиб Delegate передавать , делегировать эюндярмяк, нцмайяндя эюндярмяк Manage управлять идаря етмяк Salary оклад мааш, мяважиб Salaried находящийся на окладе мааш алан Key ключ ; ключевой ясас; васитя, йол Trust доверять инанмаг Subordinate подчиненный табе едилмиш, табе олан Incentive побуждение , мотивация арзу, ниййят; дялилляр Maintain поддерживать дястяклямяк Promotion продвижение ( работника) по службе, продвижение ( товара) на рынке хидмятдя иряли чякмя, малын базара чыхарылмасы Judgment суждение , решение, способность к самос тоятельному суждению и принятию решений мцщакимя, гярар мцстягил мцлащизя йцрцтмяк вя гярар ябул етмяк бажарыьы Take the risk брать на себя риск риск етмяк, риски юз цзяриня эютцрмяк In return взамен , вместо явязиндя Workers’ products продукт , предостав ляемый рабочими фящлялярин бурахдыьы мящсул Key decision ключевое решение ясас гярар In practice на деле, на практике тяжрцбядя, щяйатда Well – being благосостояние рифащ, фираванлыг In this sense… В этом смысле... бу мянада .... Decision making процесс принятия решения гярар гябул етмя просеси Exercise 1. Answer the Questions: 1. Does an entrepreneur organize an enterprise? 2. Does he take the risk of a business? 3. Does an entrepreneur buy the workers’ products? 4. Do the workers receive wages in return for their work? 65 5. Does an entrepreneur introduce new products or processes? 6. Does he identify markets and sources of supply? 7. Do managers delegate decisions to owners? 8. Do subordinates have incentives to maintain the company’s well – being? Exercise 2. Give the synonyms of these words Entrepreneur;entrepreneurship; to take the risk; in return for; to buy; product; wages; to identify; to supply; insentive; to trust; to maintain; to manage; labor; enterprise; market; profit Exercise 3. Agree or disagree with the following statements. 1) Entrepreneur sets up a company. 2) Entrepreneur makes business deals. 3) Entrepreneur risks his neck in order to make a profit. 4) Entrepreneur introduces new types of legal techniques. 5) Entrepreneur leads his company to a slow growth of labour productivity. 6) Entrepreneur must not be doubtful or ignorant. 7) Investment is the money that people or organizations have put into a company, business, or bank in order to get a profit, or to make a business activity successful. 8) Labour productivity is the rate at which goods are produced, compared with the work, time, and money needed to produce them. Exercise 4. Match the definitions of the words. 1. entrepreneur a. to choose smb. to do smth. 2. wage b. smth. that encourages you to do smth 3. supply c. activities done in order to increase the sales ofa product or service 66 4. delegate d. a regular amount of money that you earn 5. incentive e. a person who makes money by starting or running business 6. promotion f. to provide sb.with smth. they need or want Exercise 5. Мятндян эютцрцлмцш сюз вя ифадяляри тяржцмя един. Дайте перевод слов и выражений из текста. 1. предприниматель; сащибкар 2. ключевое решение; ясас гярар 3. принятие решения; гярар гябул етмяк 4. орга- низовывать ; тяшкил етмяк 5. определять; мцяййян етмяк 6. ключевой ; ясас 7. суждение; мцщакимя 8. побуждение; арзу , ниййят 9. рынок; базар 10. брать на себя риск; риски юз цзяриня эютцрмяк 11. источник; мянбя 12. поставки; тяжщиз 13. делегировать; нцмайяндя эюндярмяк 14. ре- шение ; гярар 15. возвращать; гайтармаг 16. прибыль; эялир 17.рабочая сила; ишчи гцввяси 18. обслуживание; хидмят 19. поддерживать; дястяклямяк 20. продвижение; иряли чякмя (чякилмя) Exercise 6. Бурахылмыш сюзляри мятндян тапыб йериня гойун: Заполните пробелы словами из текста: 1. An entrepreneur____________ an enterprise. 2. He takes the risk of a business in _______ for the profits. 3. He buys the workers’ _____________ services. 4. The workers receive ___________ in return for their work. 5. An entrepreneur ___________ new products or processes. 6. He identifies ___________ and sources of supply. 7. Owners delegate decisions to _________. 67 8. Owners very seldom _______ a key decision to managers. 9. Many subordinates have ________ to maintain the company’s well – being. 10. A manager shows ____________ in decision making. Exercise 7. Translate the phrases into Russian and Azerbaijan. 1. To take risk in return for the profit; 2. To buy the worker’s labor services; 3. To receive wages in return for the work; 4. To introduce new products into the market 5. To delegate decisions to managers, Exercise 8. Translate the text EducatingTomorrow’ S Entrepreneurs Over the past two decades there has been a growing debate about how well education systems prepare young people for edult life in general and “enterprise” in the world ofwork in Yüklə 1,26 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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