partially to lipase, suggests that carbohydrate and lipid moi-
eties are important for their activities. The question of how
the moiety is joined to the protein remains to be answered.
However, cautious approach is advised, since in some cases,
such chemical moieties could be due to contaminants rather
than to a real glyco- and/or lipo-peptide. The presence of
carbohydrates is characteristic of the worst-known bacteri-
ocins of Class IV [
10
,
11
]. Lactobacilli have been known to
be producers of Class IV complex bacteriocins since 1967
[
45
–
47
]. Nevertheless, as affirmed by Nes et al. [
10
], bac-
teriocins of the forth class have not yet been characterized
adequately at the biochemical level and the experimental
data suggest that such complex activities may be artifacts
caused by interactions between constituents from the cells
or the growth medium and the undefined bacteriocin ac-
tivities are likely to be peptide bacteriocins of remaining
classes I–III [
48
].
For the first time, BLIS production by LAB from Azerbai-
jani traditionally home-made cheeses is reported. Pheno-
typically, all the studied BLIS-excreting species are Lacto- bacilli. They are LAB with potential application as a starter
or co-culture for the fermentation of vegetable, meat, milk,
and fish products [
49
,
50
]. On the other hand, three of
four Lactobacilli species (L. paracasei spp. paracasei BN
ATS 5w, L. paracasei spp. paracasei BN ATS 7w, and
L. paracasei spp. paracasei BN ATS 8w) were isolated
from home-made cheeses, the post-coagulation liquid of
which showed a positive effect on the survival of suck-
ling piglets (unpublished results). These strains display an-
tibacterial activity against various pathogenic microorgan-
isms (Bacillus, Coccus) including Gram-negative bacteria
E. coli and some fungus (Candida, Saccharomyces). In ad-
dition, control of the pathogen S. aureus overgrowth by
three from selected four strains was observed. Therefore,
it would be of interest to use BN ATS 5w, BN ATS 8w,
and FAZ 16m strains in the prevention of contamination
with this pathogen. This is especially interesting, since S. aureus is a bacterium commonly found on skin and is a
major causative agent of contagious intra-mammary infec-
tion in dairy cows. With respect to microbiological safety,
S. aureus has been responsible for food poisoning inci-
dents in many types of food [
51
,
52
]. S. aureus behavior
depends on different factors such as its initial population,
the nature of the competing microflora and conditions of
fermentation. The emergency of S. aureus strains resistant
to many antimicrobial agents has revealed an urgent need
for novel therapeutic approaches. Results presented in this
study showed that L. paracasei spp. paracasei BN ATS 5w,
BN ATS 8w and L. rhamnosus FAZ 16m strains could be
used as co-protective cultures in food fermentation, since
these strains have antibacterial action against S. aureus.
Similar results against S. aureus have been showed by L. paracasei spp. paracasei BGBUK2-16 isolated from tradi-
tionally manufactured, home-made cheeses of Serbia and
Montenegro [
53
].
Earlier reports showed that L. paracasei spp. paracasei strains have strong antibacterial activity against E. coli [
37
,
54
]. Moreover, anti-bacterial and anti-yeast activity was
shown for L. paracasei spp. paracasei M3 starter strain [
37
,
54
]. Activity against different pathogenic strains was also
reported for intestinal L. paracasei spp. paracasei strain
[
55
]. It appeared that L. paracasei spp. paracasei strains
possessed a broad range of antimicrobial activity regardless
of their origin.
As stated by Messens and de Vuyst [
6
], and confirmed
by our results, the frequency of isolating bacteriocin-
producing dairy LAB is rather low. A total of 139 LAB
strains, isolated from 10 kinds of traditionally manufac-
tured, home-made dairy products (five kinds of cheeses,
three kinds of yogurts, and two kinds of airag), were
initially screened for antimicrobial compound production
against L. bulgaricus 340, as indicator strain, by means of
the well diffusion assay. The various dairy products tested
for their content in LAB were produced at specific eco-
logical localities of Azerbaijan such as high mountains
(
<2000 m above sea level), mountain plateau, Caspian
coast, etc. In this step, the possible inhibitory effect of
the organic acids and hydrogen peroxide was not excluded.
32 of the 139 strains (23%) tested produced an inhibition
zone against the indicator. Subsequently, the cell-free su-
pernatants from the 32 strains were treated with catalase,
neutralized and tested by well diffusion assay against L. bulgaricus 340. Only four (2.9%) unidentified LAB strains
(BN ATS 5w, BN ATS 7w, BN ATS 8w, and FAZ 16m)
were found to maintain an antimicrobial activity against
some indicators, showing a measurable clear zone around
the well. The same finding can be extended to LAB isolated
from other origins. Ennahar et al. [
56
] showed antagonis-
tic effects caused by antimicrobial substances other than
organic acids just from six isolates of 1962 bacteria from
Munster cheese. In contrast, 24% of the LAB isolates from
raw milk showed inhibitory activity after neutralization and
treatment with catalase [
57
]. From an ecological point of
view, a high frequency of bacteriocin producers may be a
reflection of strong competition among microorganisms in
the ecosystem [
58
]. The optimal cultivation temperature for
BLIS synthesis by L. paracasei spp. paracasei BN ATS 8w
was estimated. Mild temperature of cultivation (30–37
◦
C)
seemed to be important for a better production of BLIS.