is the production of organic molecules, be it for pharmaceutical, agricultural or natural products
or other applications. Organocatalysis has found widespread application in this area.
desired compound in only minute quantities. One strategy to alleviate this inherent drawback is
inspired by the biosynthesis of organic molecules, where cascades of enzymes are used to
14 (19)
convert simple starting materials into complex molecules in a highly regulated process. In
organic synthesis, this is mimicked by using cascade reactions in which the product of the first
reaction step is the starting material for the subsequent one, thus avoiding unnecessary
purification operations between each reaction step.
64-66
An elegant example of this chemistry is the total synthesis of α-tocopherol (vitamin E), which is
a powerful antioxidant, by the Woggon group (eq. 14).
67
In this cascade reaction, comprising an
aldol reaction followed by an oxa-Michael reaction, two new bonds and one new stereocentre
are installed in a single operation, thus forming the pyran moiety of α-tocopherol (Scheme 7).
Scheme 7. Mechanism of the cascade reaction for the formation of compound 43. In this
cascade reaction, aldehyde 42 condenses with catalyst 40 to form the corresponding
dienamine 44, which then reacts with aldehyde 41 in an intramolecular aldol reaction to form
iminium ion 45. Iminium ion 45 then participates in an intramolecular oxa-Michael reaction
to form compound 46. Hydrolysis of 46 regenerates catalyst 40 and, after acetalization,
furnishes tricycle 43.
15 (19)
Organic synthesis has an important role in preclinical pharmaceutical research, where there is a
great demand for new organic molecules to be tested in different disease models. The goal of
this activity is to develop new pharmaceuticals to treat diseases, and it is not surprising that
organocatalytic methods have been applied in this area.
55, 68
One example is treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure). Renin, a protease protein
secreted by the kidneys, hydrolyses the protein angiotensinogen in the blood stream into the
peptide angiotensin I. Further hydrolysis of angiotensin I results in the formation of angiotensin
II, which is a vasoactive peptide involved in hypertension. One possibility to treat hypertension
is then to inhibit renin and prevent the formation of angiotensin II. Researchers at Novartis
proved that this is indeed possible, and in 2007, their novel renin inhibitor aliskiren (Rasilez)
was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. An organocatalytic approach to
aliskiren described by these researchers is outlined in Scheme 8.
69
A Michael addition between
the enamine generated from isovaleraldehyde and the Jørgensen-Hayashi type organocatalyst
Dostları ilə paylaş: