C. MacMillan the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021, for the development of asymmetric
organocatalysis.
The Laureates’ seminal work in 2000 conceptualized the area of organocatalysis and stimulated
its development. Today, organocatalysis constitutes the third pillar of catalysis, complementing
biocatalysis and transition metal catalysis.
Introduction
We all have an intimate relationship with molecules. They may be tailor-made molecules that
can be delivered to cure patients, to store and relay information, to fertilize crops or to make our
running shoes faster. Such molecules, with designed properties, are made by chemical synthesis,
i.e. a series of reactions, and the knowledge of how to make molecules in an efficient and
sustainable manner is closely linked to the progress of our society.
Complex molecules, be they human-made in a lab or assembled by other organisms biologically
(biochemicals), are assembled in a series of reaction steps from simple starting materials. Some
or all steps in such a reaction sequence can be subjected to catalysis.
Catalysis is a fundamental aspect of chemistry: the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by the
addition of a catalyst, which itself is not consumed in the process. The concept was introduced
in 1835 by the Swedish chemist J.J. Berzelius.
1
It is not surprising that catalysis is used routinely
in academia and industry, and is involved in much of the industrial conversion of chemical
feedstocks into valuable products such as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals; it has been
estimated that catalysis contributes to more than 35% of the world’s GDP.
2
Advances in
chemical synthesis and catalysis are also strongly connected to sustainable technological
developments, as has been pointed out by R. Noyori (Nobel Laureate, Chemistry 2001).
3
Catalysis in biological systems, which is mediated by enzymes, is also a prerequisite for life as we
know it. Notably, a catalyst can provide an alternative reaction pathway compared with an
uncatalysed one.
4
The use of low-molecular-weight organic molecules as catalysts for chemical transformations is
not a new phenomenon. The first documented example was described in 1860, when Liebig
reported that acetaldehyde catalyses the hydrolysis of cyanogen into oxamide.
5
Without the
catalyst, a complex mixture was obtained, while in the presence of acetaldehyde, acting as a
Lewis acid catalyst,
6
an almost quantitative yield of oxamide was obtained. However, the term
organocatalysis refers to the use of small organic molecules, containing mainly carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus but no metals, as promotors in catalysis.
2 (19)
Today a large number of different organocatalysts have been developed, as well as reactions
which they promote. They can be classified according to the mechanistic role of the catalyst
(Lewis acid or base, Brønsted acid or base),
7
highlighting the catalysts’ function of removing or
donating electrons or protons from or to the substrate or transition states. An alternative
classification is the distinction between covalent catalysis, in which the catalyst forms a covalent
bond to the substrate, and non-covalent catalysis, in which instead the catalytic cycle depends
on non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding.
8
The importance of catalysis in chemistry is reflected by the fact that various aspects of this
research area have been recognized with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry seven times: W. Ostwald
(1909, catalysis), P. Sabatier (1912, hydrogenation using metal catalysts), K. Ziegler and G. Natta
(1963, developing catalysts for polymer synthesis), J.W. Cornforth (1975, stereochemistry of
enzyme-catalysed reactions), W.S. Knowles, R. Noyori and K.B. Sharpless (2001, asymmetric
catalysis), Y. Chauvin, R.H. Grubbs and R.R. Schrock (2005, olefin metathesis), and R.F. Heck,
E.-i. Negishi and A. Suzuki (2010, palladium-catalysed cross couplings).
9
Dostları ilə paylaş: |