Post-2000 developments
Since the papers by List and MacMillan in 2000, impressive developments have followed in the
area of organocatalysis, and new catalysts and reactions have been developed for all classes of
organocatalysts (Lewis acid or base, Brønsted acid or base). This summary focuses on advances
pertaining to enamine (Lewis base) and iminium ion (Lewis acid) catalysis; for a more detailed
discussion covering all aspects of organocatalysis, several excellent reviews are available.
40
Both List and MacMillan have continued their activities in the field, developing several new
organocatalytic reactions using
L
-proline and chiral imidazolidinones as catalysts, respectively.
Besides the intramolecular aldol reaction discussed above, List’s group used
L
-proline as a
catalyst for the development of efficient asymmetric Mannich reactions,
41-42
double Mannich
reactions (eq. 9),
43
α-amination of aldehydes,
44
and conjugate reductions,
45
among other
processes.
46
Similarly, MacMillan’s group pioneered the use of chiral imidazolidinones as
organocatalysts in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions,
47
Friedel–Crafts reactions,
48
Michael additions
(eq. 10),
49
and domino reactions,
50
including other transformations.
51
The Jørgensen-Hayashi catalyst: In 2005, Jørgensen and co-workers described the α-
sulfenylation of aldehydes using a diarylprolinol silyl ether as a catalyst (eq. 11)
52
, and later the
same year, Hayashi showed that this type of catalyst is also competent in the Michael addition of
propanal to nitrostyrene (eq. 12)
53
; both reactions proceed by an enamine mechanism. Soon
afterwards it was also shown that catalyst 21 was competent in the epoxidation of α,β-
unsaturated aldehydes, e.g. cinnamaldehyde, into the corresponding epoxide 22 (Scheme 4a).
54
These reactions highlight some important aspects of this chemistry. They demonstrate that a
diarylprolinol silyl ether is competent to promote reactions involving both enamine catalysis
(eqs. 11 and 12) and iminium ion catalysis (Scheme 3). Since their introduction, diarylprolinol
10 (19)
silyl ethers have proven to be a powerful catalyst for this chemistry with a wide scope of
applications, due to increased steric hindrance and higher stereoselectivity compared to
L
-
proline and imidazolidinone catalysts.
55
The reaction in Scheme 3 also shows that iminium ion
catalysis can be coupled to enamine catalysis. The iminium ion 23 that is generated in step 1 is
an electrophile and is consumed in step 2 to form enamine 24 (Scheme 4b). Enamines are
nucleophiles and have a different reactivity compared to iminium ions, and this is made use of
in the conversion of intermediate 24 into compound 25. The possibility of coupling the
reactivity of iminium ion and enamine catalysis has been cleverly exploited for the synthesis of
complex organic molecules and is briefly discussed at the end of this section.
Scheme 3. (a) Organocatalytic
epoxidation of cinnamaldehyde
using hydrogen peroxide (H
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