The year 2000: Enamine and iminium ion catalysis
In 2000, two publications defined the starting point for the impressive development of the area
of organocatalysis. In the first publication, List and co-workers outlined an
L
-proline catalysed
intermolecular aldol reaction (enamine catalysis/Lewis base catalysis).
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Later the same year,
MacMillan and co-workers discussed a Diels-Alder reaction between α,β-unsaturated
aldehydes and cyclopentadiene catalysed by a chiral imidazolidinone (iminium ion
catalysis/Lewis acid catalysis).
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In the following discussion, enamine and iminium ion catalysis
will be discussed separately.
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Enamine catalysis: In 2000, List, Lerner and Barbas III showed that the naturally occurring
amino acid
L
-proline catalyses an intermolecular aldol reaction, which is a carbon-carbon bond-
forming reaction, between acetone and a series of aromatic aldehydes (including
isobutyraldehyde, eq. 2).
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They proposed that the reaction proceeds via an enamine
intermediate, resulting in a Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) raising and increased
nucleophilicity compared to the corresponding enol ether, and that the carboxylic acid
functionality in the catalyst helps to stabilise the metal-free Zimmerman-Traxler transition state
through hydrogen bonding. The catalyst is thus covalently attached to the substrate and controls
the stereochemical pathway of the intermolecular aldol reaction. Subsequent computational
studies of the reaction have refined this picture and highlight the role of the carboxylic acid
proton as an intramolecular acid catalyst that provides charge stabilisation to the forming
alkoxide anion.
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The researchers also suggested that the
L
-proline catalyst functions as a
‘micro-aldolase’, i.e. as an enzyme mimic, and that other organic reactions might be susceptible
to a similar proline-mediated enamine catalysis.
Some important findings preceded this work. In the early 1970s, the groups of Hajos and
Parrish (1971, 1974)
28-29
and Eder, Sauer and Wiechert
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(1971) independently reported
pioneering contributions to the field of asymmetric catalysis. They showed that
L
-proline
catalyses the cyclisation of the achiral triketone 5 to furnish the Wieland-Miescher ketone (6,
the Hajos-Parrish-Eder-Sauer-Weichert, or HPESW, reaction), which is an important
intermediate in the synthesis of several natural products (Scheme 1). For example, the HPESW
reaction has been used for the synthesis of steroids. The reaction proceeds in high yields and
produces compound 6 in high er.
5 (19)
The paper by Wiechert and colleagues is rather laconic and provides no information about the
scope and mechanism of the reaction. In contrast, Hajos and Parrish put forward a mechanism
involving a carbinolamine that is now obsolete, since it is appreciated that the reaction proceeds
through enamine catalysis, but, perhaps more importantly, the authors recognized that the
proline catalyst plays the same role as an enzyme. However, these studies were not followed up
by the authors, nor did they result in a general concept of using chiral amines in asymmetric
enamine catalysis. Indeed, later studies by Agami and colleagues using
L
-proline to catalyse
intramolecular aldol reactions afforded the products in moderate to low er.
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