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To address vaccination perception challenges, the MR Initiative will work with partners
to analyse the determinants of vaccine acceptance. It will support operational research on
effective strategies to engage vulnerable and high-risk populations, addressing culture and
belief systems and other factors that influence vaccine acceptance; on the effectiveness of
immunization communication with parents and by health workers; and on determining the
issues that need to be addressed to improve demand for measles and rubella immunization.
The MR Initiative partners will actively work with national governments and professional
associations to implement effective research-based communication strategies aimed at
vulnerable and high-risk populations. These strategies will be carefully monitored and
evaluated, and changed as necessary to ensure they are effective. Targeting health-care
professionals during and after training to sensitize them to the value of immunization, and
helping to track children to ensure they receive two doses of a measles- and rubella-containing
vaccine on time, represents ongoing priorities.
5. CONFLICT AND EMERGENCY SETTINGS
Humanitarian crises resulting from armed conflicts or natural disasters adversely affect disease
control and eradication efforts, and cause population displacement, crowding, interruption of
health services, reduced access to health facilities and increased risk of outbreaks, including
cross-border transmission. In the past, large measles outbreaks in refugee camps have led
to extensive deaths, with case-fatality rates of up to 25%. With the widespread adoption of the
SPHERE guidelines,all children affected by humanitarian emergencies should now receive a
measles vaccination administered as soon as conditions allow access to affected communities
(50). Lessons learnt from the polio eradication initiative provide appropriate insights into the
importance of negotiating days of tranquillity and planning synchronized cross-border SIAs.
The MR Initiative, in coordination with humanitarian emergency partners, will advocate for the
establishment of a special emergency fund to support measles control efforts for countries,
zones and populations in crisis.
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ROLES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES
9
The tremendous progress made towards reducing measles deaths is a direct result of the
dedication of national governments and immunization partners, working together to achieve
common goals. These partners range from volunteers, nongovernmental organizations,
international bodies, vaccine manufacturers, foundations and researchers, among others.
Countries bear the largest responsibility for measles and rubella control and elimination, and
must engage in sustainable national planning, funding and advocacy to protect their citizens
from devastating but preventable diseases. The Strategic Plan highlights below their roles and
those of global and regional partners and the GAVI Alliance.
1. NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS
Realizing a world without measles, rubella or CRS will require political commitment at the top
levels of national governments to mobilize the resources required to ensure the highest quality
of immunization services. Immunization, whether through routine services or SIAs, should reach
all children with two doses of measles- and rubella-containing vaccine, leaving no gaps due to
geography, religion, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. In most countries, effective delivery of
MCVs, and eventually measles-rubella combination vaccines, through routine services and SIAs
will require budgeting for an increased investment of financial, technical and human resources
in immunization and health systems. Countries should also raise at least 50% of the operational
costs for MR Initiative-supported SIAs, whether from government resources or local partners.
GAVI-eligible countries are urged to apply for support from GAVI to fund the introduction of the
second measles dose through routine systems, and to introduce MR vaccine through a catch-
up campaign. These countries should then plan to include and fund a measles- and rubella-
containing vaccine in the national immunization schedule after the SIA. Countries are also urged
to pay special attention to human resources and ensure adequate numbers of trained staff are
available at all levels.
Countries should use cMYPs as a tool to include all immunization programme activities in the
health-sector plan. The cMYP can help to secure funding for immunization in national budgets
in a timely manner and to identify well in advance gaps to be met by local partners or special
budgetary measures. Reaching every child with two doses of a measles- and rubella-containing
vaccine, as appropriate, will require effective micro-planning at peripheral level, especially to
reach children in underserved communities and those not previously immunized. Countries
planning SIAs should develop the SIA operational plan at least 12 months before the start of the
activity.
Countries need to invest in national advocacy and communication efforts for measles, rubella and
CRS control and elimination. Immunization must be promoted as a right and a social norm that
will enhance social change and increase demand for vaccinations. Measles outbreaks highlight
gaps in coverage and programme failures, and should therefore be used to draw attention to the
importance of immunization in general.
2. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL PARTNERS
The elimination of measles, rubella and CRS cannot be achieved without the sustained
commitment and support of the global and regional partners. Each partner should use its
comparative advantage to support countries to achieve its goals. This support may take the
form of helping to advocate for adequate resources, providing technical assistance and policy
guidance, strengthening political and social commitments, sharing best practices and lessons
learnt, and/or communicating to communities, governments, and partners the positive impact
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and success of activities to reduce measles mortality and control or eliminate measles, rubella
and CRS.
THE MEASLES AND RUBELLA INITIATIVE
In addition to financial support, the MR Initiative will provide the following types of support to
the five components of the Strategy.
•
Advocacy with countries and international partners to fully fund and implement the
Strategic Plan, in close collaboration with child survival initiatives.
•
Technical support to governments and communities in priority countries:
» to improve markedly coverage with the first and second doses of measles- and
rubella-containing vaccines, delivered through either routine immunization or SIAs;
» to document and share best practices in conducting measles SIAs and in using SIAs to
strengthen routine vaccination;
» to improve the quality of data used for monitoring and evaluating vaccine coverage and
disease incidence;
» to expand and enhance the quality of measles and rubella surveillance and the LabNet;
and
» to provide appropriate measles case treatment.
•
Assistance to enable countries to respond rapidly to measles outbreaks, and advocacy for
a special outbreak emergency fund.
•
Support to operational research needed to address the challenges and achieve the goals
of this Strategic Plan.
•
Monitoring and evaluation of progress in implementing the Strategic Plan annually, and
communication of progress and challenges to all stakeholders.
•
Close collaboration with eligible countries and partners, including the GAVI Alliance:
» to facilitate applications for measles second dose and rubella vaccine support;
» to provide technical support to countries to plan for and introduce MR in campaigns and
routine immunization;
» to monitor and evaluate progress in the introduction of measles second dose through
routine services and RCV in eligible countries;
» to identify areas requiring partner support.
The MR Initiative works with several key supporters, including the Anne Ray Charitable Trust,
BD, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Canadian International Development Agency, the
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the United Kingdom Department for International
Development, the GAVI Alliance, Herman and Katherine Peters Foundation, the International
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the International Financing Facility for
Immunization, the Japan International Cooperation Agency, Lions Clubs International, Merck
Co. Foundation, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Vodafone Foundation. To date,
the partnership has successfully mobilized and invested US$ 875 million in measles control
activities, which supported the vaccination of more than one billion children in more than
80 countries.
THE GAVI ALLIANCE
The GAVI Alliance provides significant opportunities for improvements in funding to vaccination
programmes in the developing world. GAVI supports strengthening immunization and health
systems; introduction of the measles second dose through routine services; introduction of
rubella vaccine through wide age-range campaigns using MR vaccine; as well as
performance-based support to increase on-time vaccination with the first dose of MCV.
In addition to national governments and public health and research institutions, the GAVI
Alliance partners include the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the International Federation of
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations, the Rockefeller Foundation, UNICEF, the World
Bank and WHO. The MR Initiative will work closely with the GAVI Alliance to help countries
introduce MCV2 and MR vaccines, monitor and evaluate progress and recommend areas for
new investment.
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TRACKING PROGRESS
Surveillance, monitoring and evaluation are essential tasks at all levels to improve
performance and identify and address problems (51). The MR Initiative will continuously assess
the quality of the data used to monitor progress, through evaluation of indicators of sensitivity
and performance of the surveillance and reporting systems for each country, and through
numerous other key process and impact indicators. These indicators will be followed on an
annual basis:
1. Number and proportion of countries with measles incidence less than five cases per
million population.
2. Number and proportion of countries with coverage levels of first dose MCV and RCV >90%
nationally and >80% in all districts.
3. Number and proportion of countries providing MCV2 through routine services with cover-
age levels of second dose MCV and RCV >90% nationally and >80% in all districts.
4. Number and proportion of countries conducting SIAs that year that achieve at least 95%
coverage with M, MR or MMR in every district.
5. Number of estimated measles deaths, the percentage reduction since 2000, and number of
deaths averted through vaccination.
6. Number of estimated CRS cases, the percentage reduction since 2000, and number of
cases averted through vaccination.
7. Number and proportion of measles-rubella priority countries providing funds to cover at
least 50% of the operational cost of follow-up SIAs.
8. Number and proportion of MCV and RCV SIAs that include additional child health interventions.
9. Number of new countries introducing an RCV into their routine immunization programme.
10. Proportion of countries conducting both routine immunization and AEFI surveillance
system strengthening training as part of SIA training activities.
11. Proportion of priority countries holding a measles-rubella surveillance review, ideally as
part of a broader vaccine-preventable disease surveillance review.
Beyond these disease-specific targets, the MR Initiative will develop indicators to monitor the
impact of this Plan, and its activities, on immunization systems to help track improvements in
routine immunization services and to ensure accountability at the global level. The data for these
indicators will come from country immunization programmes and the countries will assess
the performance, both nationally and sub-nationally, with the technical assistance of the WHO
country office. The WHO regional offices and headquarters will in turn collect the necessary data
and calculate the indicators at regional and global levels for publication in a monthly bulletin.
The MR Initiative will monitor and report on progress through the use of these indicators during
regional conference calls, global LabNet meetings, global measles management meetings,
MR Initiative partners meetings and meetings of the SAGE Working Group on Measles and
Rubella. The Working Group will review the progress made towards the 2015 goals and targets,
and prepare reports for presentation to SAGE. SAGE in turn will propose any necessary changes
to the current WHO recommendations on vaccination and surveillance strategies for measles
and rubella.
The MR Initiative will identify knowledge needed for overcoming barriers to achieving
measles, rubella, and CRS elimination targets, and propose areas for operational or basic
science research. Countries and WHO regions will document progress towards regional
measles, rubella, and CRS elimination goals for review by regional verification committees.
Based on progress towards the 2015 global and regional goals, the Working Group will advise
SAGE on the appropriate timing to establish target dates for global eradication of measles, and
global control or eradication targets for rubella and/or CRS.
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CONCLUSION
The availability of inexpensive and effective vaccines makes measles and rubella immunization
highly cost-effective across a range of development settings. The 194 WHO Member States
have established clear measles control and elimination goals and, given the burden of CRS,
increasingly recognize the need to ensure elimination of rubella and CRS. Measles and rubella
control and elimination efforts over the past decade have demonstrated that not only can
measles deaths be quickly reduced but, as the Americas have shown, that both diseases can
be eliminated.
We can control and eliminate measles and rubella worldwide, and this Strategic Plan provides
the blueprint. The imperative to achieve the child survival goals of MDG4 and reduce congenital
abnormalities demands that we take this opportunity to ensure that every child is vaccinated
and protected from measles and rubella.
We must work together to increase and sustain the socio-political and financial commitments
required to end the devastation associated with preventable measles and rubella infections.
Let us reverse the resurgence of measles, achieve the 2015 mortality-reduction target and look
beyond, to reap the tremendous long-term humanitarian and economic benefits associated
with a world free of measles, rubella and CRS.
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