Tashkent university of information technologies named after muhammad al-khwarazmi

MINISTRY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
TASHKENT UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES NAMED AFTER MUHAMMAD AL-KHWARAZMI





INDIVIDUAL PROJECT
Theme: E-commerce system of Germany

Preapared by: Student of 124-20 group

Xolmonov Jonibek
Checked by: Tursunova Mastura





Date: 15.12.2022y
Tashkent – 2022
PLAN:

I. INTRODUCTION

II. MAIN PART

1. 
   E-commerce
   
2. 
   E-business
   
3. 
   E-money
   
4. 
   E-payment
   
5. 
   E-government
   
6. 
   Digital economy
   
7. 
   Internet
   
8. 
   E-shop
   
9. 
   E-shopping
   
10. 
    Legal basis of electronic commerce
    
11. 
    Internet Banking
    
12. 
    Information security
    

III. CONCLUSION

IV. REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
Germany is located in Central Europe and is bordered by nine countries, more than any other European nation. The country’s geography is diverse and defines its many regions.



Figure 1. Geographical location of Germany in the world map

Germany is a parliamentary democracy with a federal system of government, which means Germans choose their representatives in local, state, and national elections. It is also a multiparty system, so political parties usually have to form coalitions to create a governing majority in the parliament. The upper house of parliament is called the Bundesrat and represents the states, similar to the U.S. Senate. The lower house is called the Bundestag and represents the people, similar to the U.S. House of Representatives. The head of government, called the chancellor, is elected by a majority of the members of the Bundestag. He or she is the most powerful person in Germany. The head of state is the president, who represents Germany at home and abroad.

In the U.S., the heads of state and government are combined into the office of the president. The German constitution is called the Grundgesetz (Basic Law). Much like the U.S. Constitution, it establishes democracy and grants all Germans the same basic inalienable rights. Human rights and dignity are principles enshrined in the Basic Law. The Federal Constitutional Court is independent from the government and ensures that the Basic Law is followed. Anyone may appeal to the court if they believe their basic rights have been violated by a law or public authority.
With 83 million people, Germany has the largest population of any country in the European Union. Roughly one in four people, or 26 percent of the population, has at least one parent who was born outside of Germany. The majority of immigrants come from other European countries, such as Turkey, Poland, Russia, Romania, and Italy. Most families have a father, mother, and children living under the same roof. However, many other types of families such as “patchwork” or blended families have become common. All are welcomed and have a place in German society. Many young people say that they strongly value a good, stable family life. The birth rate in Germany is lower than in the United States. Without immigration, the German population would shrink, because not enough children are being born to support the economy and the aging population.
The German economy is currently the strongest in the European Union and among the largest worldwide. German companies export most of their products, such as cars, appliances, and chocolate. The total value of goods exported from Germany almost equals the total value of goods exported from the U.S., even though Germany is a much smaller country. Most German companies are medium-sized businesses and many of their brands are well-known household names. Look around your home, and you might find several products made in Germany. Most of the economy is devoted to providing services, which includes everything from banks to restaurants to hotels and beyond. High-tech manufacturing is a major part of the German economy. Research, development, and innovation help businesses, such as those in the automotive, robotics, and construction industries, to remain leaders in the global marketplace.
German children start school when they are six years old. After elementary school (usually grades 1 to 4), students have a choice of different types of schools. The most common is called Gymnasium, which runs from 5th to 12th grade. Each state has slightly different educational requirements, and some have an additional 13th grade. At the end of 12th grade, students earn an Abitur, which is similar to a high-school diploma, and enables the recipient to study at a university. Many high-school students spend a year as an exchange student studying in another country. The United States is one of the most popular places to study abroad. Another option for young people is an apprenticeship. Under Germany’s very successful dual vocational training and education system, young apprentices attend a vocational school while at the same time working at a company learning the chosen career on the job. No student loans and a guaranteed job offer are a few of the many advantages of an apprenticeship.
History, culture, and natural beauty perhaps best describe the essence of vacationing in Germany. With its many historic cities and quaint small towns, along with an abundance of forests and mountains, visitors are spoiled for choice when it comes to choosing unique places to visit in this beautiful part of Europe. Those wanting to sightsee or experience the arts should head to the larger metropolitan areas such as Munich, Frankfurt, or Hamburg. For those looking for recreational activities, consider a visit to places such as the majestic Bavarian Alps, the Black Forest, or the Rhine Valley. Lovely old cathedrals and grand palaces are everywhere. And in the smaller towns and villages, some boasting still-intact original medieval Old Towns (Altstadt), many centuries-old traditions are still practiced, including traditional Christmas markets, festivals, and fairs.
At the cultural heart of Germany is the capital, Berlin. Home to many fine museums and galleries, this vibrant city makes for a great base from which to explore the many other delights the country has to offer. And for nature lovers, there's a whole world of possibilities in Germany's great outdoors.

Figure 2. Berlin's Brandenburg Gate

Modeled on the Acropolis in Athens and built for King Frederick William II in 1791, the monumental sandstone Brandenburg Gate in Berlin's Mitte district was the city's first Neoclassical structure. It measures an impressive 26 meters in height, which includes the Quadriga, the spectacular four-horse chariot carrying the goddess of victory perched atop this spectacular building. Its six huge columns on each side of the structure form five impressive passages: four were used by regular traffic, while the center was reserved for the royal carriages. Huge Doric columns also decorate the two buildings at each side of the Gate, once used by toll-collectors and guards. Undoubtedly Berlin's most iconic structure, it's hard to believe that the majestic structure you see today was severely damaged during WWII. It was also once part of the infamous Berlin Wall and, for a few decades, was symbolic of the division of Berlin into East and West. The towering Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom), the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Mary, is located on the banks of the Rhine and is undoubtedly Cologne's most impressive landmark. This masterpiece of High Gothic architecture is one of the largest cathedrals in Europe. Construction on this most ambitious building project of the Middle Ages started in 1248 and reportedly took over 600 years to complete. As imposing as its façade, the cathedral's magnificent interior covers an area of 6,166 square meters and boasts 56 huge pillars. Above the high altar is the Reliquary of the Three Kings, a 12th-century work of art in gold that was designed by Nicholas of Verdun to house the relics of the Three Kings brought here from Milan.