Technology and our changing world high Technology

OLMOSHLAR
Olmoshlar ot, sifat, son o‘rnida almashtirib ishlatiladi, mumkin bo‘lgan o‘zlar h isob lan ad i.

1. 
   Kishilik оlmoshlari.
   

a) bosh kelishik I-men You-cen (siz) He-u(erkak) She - u (ayol) It-u (jonsiz, hayvon)	b) ob'ekt(to' kiiruvchi) kelishik me-meni, menga you-seni, senga him-uni, unga(erkak) ho^- - uni, unga(ayol) it-uni, unga(jonsiz)
we-biz You-sizlar They-ular	Us- bizni, bizga You - sizlarni, sizlarga Them ularni, ularga

2. Egalik оlmoshlari
Kishilik olmoshlarining 2 takelishigi mavjud.

1. 
   asosiy shakli
   

1. 
   my - men ing
   
2. 
   your - sen ing (sizn ing)
   
3. 
   his uning (erкак)
   

her-uning (ayol)
its - uning (jonsiz, hay von)

1. 
   our-bizning
   
2. 
   your- sizlarning
   
3. 
   their- ularning
   

2. 
   yolg‘iz(absolyut) shakl.
   

1. 
   mine-meniki
   
2. 
   yours-sen iki, s İznik i
   
3. 
   his-uniki(erkak)
   

hers- uniki(ayol) its-uniki(jonsiz)

1. 
   ours-bizniki
   
2. 
   yours-sizniki
   
3. 
   theirs-ularn iki
   

3. Ko‘rsatish olmoshlari.
This-bu (yaqindagi 1 dona predmetni ko‘rsatishda hozirgi zamonni ko‘rsatishda ish latilad i)
The-u(uzoqdagi 1 donapredmetniko‘rsatishdao‘tgan zamondaishlatiladi) These- bular (yaqindagi ko‘p predmetni ko‘rsatishda hozirgi zamonni ko‘rsatishda ish latilad i)
Those- ular o‘shalar (uzoqdagi ko‘p predmetni ko‘rsatishda o‘tgan zamonda ish latilad i)

4. 
   O‘zlik olmoshlari va (5) kuchaytiruv olmoshlariga o‘zbek tilida faqat o‘zlik olmoshlari ishlatiladi va ularish harakatining so‘zlovchi tomonidan b ajar ilgan ligini bo shq alar yordam bermaganligini bild iradi.
   

Ingliz tilidagi o‘zlik olmoshlari ish so‘zlov chining o‘zi uchun bajarilganligini, kuchaytiruv olmoshlari esa ishning faqat so‘zlovchi tomonidan bajar ilgan ligini bildir ish uchun ishlatiladi.

1. 
   myself-o‘zim Ourselves-o‘zlari
   
2. 
   yourself-o‘zing yourselves - o‘zlaringiz
   
3. 
   himself-o‘zi (erkak) themselves-o‘zlari
   

herself o‘zi (ayol)
itself- o‘zi(jonsizhayvon)

6. 
   So‘roq olmoshlari who - kirn (kimni) whose - kimning whom - kimni, к imga for whom - kim uchun with whom - kim bilan what- nima, qanday what colour-qanday rangda what time - qaysi pay t when - qachon where- q ay er da, q ay erg a which - qaysi why - nimaga for whom - к im b ilan to whom-кimga how-qanda/,qanday qilib how old - nechayoshda how much - qancha how many - qancha how long- qanchadan beri how far- qanchauzoq
   
7. 
   Nisbiy olmoshlar
   

Nisbiy olmoshlar ha so‘roq olmoshlar Bilan bir xil shaklda bo‘lib, faqat ular olmoshlar Bilan bir xil shaklda bo‘lib, ular so‘roq vazifasida emas, balki erg ash gaplargabog‘ lovchi vazifasida keladi.
I don’tknow where he lives.
Uning qaerdayashashliginibilmayman.
He can not tell you why is so worried.
U negabezovtaligini sizga aytolmaydi.
Ask the director when be can receiveus.
Bizni qachon qabul qilaolishinidirektordan so‘r olmaysizmi?

8. 
   Gumon о Imoshlari.
   

Gumon olmoshlari “some”- bir qancha, bir necha, bir oz ma’nolarida sanaladigan ko‘plikdagi otlar oldidan hamda sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan ishlatilad i.
I have some English books, but no tin many.
Would you like some coffee?
We can see some dark clouds in the sky?
He brought some money foryou.
“some” olmoshi bo‘lishli darak gaplarda ishlatiladi. So‘roq inkor gaplarda esa“some”o‘midaany ishlatiladi.
Haveyou nay friends in Tashkent?
Have they nay chalk in the class?
Wehaven’t any place to live in.
She hasn’t any lessons today.
“any” olmoshi mabodo bo‘lishli, darak gaplarda ishlatiladigan bo‘lsa u ho Ida “any” “har qanday”, “istalgan”, “hohlagan” ma’nolaridfa ishlatiladi.
You may take any book you like.
He may take anywhere as he free now.
Anyone can help you.
Gumon olmoshlari - body, -one, -thing, -where, so‘zlari bilan birgalikda hosilalar yasashi mumkin. Bunda “body”, “one” so‘zlari insonlar uchun “thing”so‘zinarsalar uchun “where”so‘zi esajoy uchun ishlatiladi.
body -kimdir, allakim, birov
one-
Some thing- nimadir, allanarsa, biror narsa
where- qayerdadir, qayergadir, allaqayerga, allaqayerda
“some” singari uning hosilalari ham asosan bo‘lishli, darak gaplarda ishlatiladi. Ular so‘roq gaplarda ishlatiladigan, biror narsani birovga taklif etishni ifodalaydi.
Would you like some coffee?
Would you like chese?
“any ” о Imo sh iham yuqoridagi so‘zlarnibiriib hosilalar yasaydi.
body - birortasi
one- biror kimsa
Any th ing - b iror n arsa
where- biror joyda,biror joyga

9. 
   Bo‘lsihsizlikolmoshi“no”.
   

“No” bo‘lishsizli olmoshi “yo‘q”degan ma’nonibildirib ko‘pincha“to have”fe’libilan hamda there is / there are konstruksiyasi bilan ishlatiladi.
There is no milk in the jar.
There are no buses I the street.
There is no flower in thegarden.
The weather is good. There is no rain.
No olmoshining ham hosilalari mavjud.
body - hech kim
one- ...
No thing-hech narsa
where- hech qayerda, hech q ay erg a
Ingtliz tilida 1 ta gapda faqat 1 dona inkor so‘z ishlatiladi va u so‘z ko‘pincha gap boshida keladi, undan keyin gap mazmuniga ko‘ra inkor ishlatilishikerak bo‘lgan o‘rinlardaany yokiuning hosilalari ishlatiladi.
There in st any book on the table.
Don’t write any letters to her.
There wasn’t any thing in her hand.
“never” (hech qachon) without (siz), if (agar) so‘zlaridan so‘ng ham gumon olmoshining “any” turi у ok inning hosilalari ishlatilady.
Never tear any of my documents.
He passed all his tests without any preparations.
It any body comes call me immediately.

10. 
    “Every” olmoshi
    

«Every» olmoshlar ma’nosida yolg‘iz ho Ida ot oldidan yoki hosila shaklida ish latilishi mumkin.
Every student must learn these rules.
Your are to be ready for every occasion.
body - har bir kishi
ev ery on e - h ar b ir in son
thing - hanıma narsa
where- hamına joyda,hammahoyga
Everybody is aware of the fact.
Everything is prepared for his arrival.
Everywhere we can see flowers.
Eslatma: Yuqoridagi keltirilgan barcha olmoshlar hosilalari birlikda bo‘lib, birlikdagife’l shakli talab qilinadi.
Somebody is waiting for you.
Anybody is allowed to speak.
Nobody is waited for.
Otlar. Otlarda ko‘p likda otlarda qaratq ich kelish igi.
Ingliz tilida otlar atoqli, turdosh, yakka, to‘da sanaladigan ootlarga bo‘linadi. Otlar ko‘pli va kelishik kategoriyalari mavjud. Otlarni ko‘plikka ay lantirishda asosan “-s”, “-es” qo‘shim ch alar i ishlatiladi. Bu
qo‘shimchalarni qaratqich kelishigi qo‘shimchasi hamda fe’kiing III shaxs birlik qo‘shimchasidan farqlash lozim.
Agar ot oldida noaniq artikl kelsa, ko‘plikda ay lan tir ilganda u tushib qoladi, lek in aniq artikl tushib qolaydi vako‘plidaham ishlatilaveradi.
Apen-pens
A book - books
An offer - offers
A catalogue- catalogues
Thegirl- the girls
Thebird- thebirds
The desk - the desks
The lake- the leakes
Ba’zi otlar ko‘p yasalganda “s” qo‘shimchasini oimay balki o‘zakdagi unlisio‘zgarishiyokihech qanday qo‘shimchaolmasligimumkin.
A man - men
A woman — women
A goose- geese
A foot- feet
A mause- mice
A louse-lice
A child -children
An ox - oxen
Quyidagiotlar birlikdaham, jo‘plikdaham bir xilbo‘ladi.
A fish - fish
A sheep - sheep
A deer - deer
Ingliz tilidafaqatbirlikdaham ko‘plikdaham bir hilbo‘ladi.
A fish - fish
A sheep - sheep
A deer - deer
Ingliz tilida faqat birlikda ishlatiladigan faqat ko‘plikda ishlatiladigan otlar ham bor. Faqat birlikda ishlatiladigan otlar asosan sanalmaydigan mavhum tushunchalarni anglatuvchi otlar bo‘ladi: Milk, Cream, Meat, Sand, Butter, Money, luggage, Friendship, Peace, Luck, Happiness, Love, Hate, Libetrty.
Faqat ko‘plikda ishlaydigan otlar ko‘pincha ikki poydan, iiki qismdan iborat bo‘lgan otlar bo‘lib ularga nisbatan “bir juft” so‘zini ham qo‘llash mumkin: Sunglasses, Tights, Boots, Shoes, Thousers, pyjamas, Suits, Scissors.
Ingliz tilidagi otlarda faqat ikkita kelishik ya’ni bosh kelishik qaratqich klishigi mavjud boshqa kelishik munosabatlari predloglar orqali amalgam oshiriladi.