Tezislər / Theses

THE 3
rd
 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES OF STUDENTS AND YOUNG RESEARCHERS 
dedicated to the 99
th
anniversary of the National Leader of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev
469
Therefore, the progress of those countries towards carbon free energy 
sources is challenged by a shortage of competence in the field and regulatory 
framework, and small amount of capital investments.
Although, Azerbaijan has great wind and solar energy sources and 
excellent prospects for geothermal energy, hydropower and biomass, the 
country has yet to realize its tremendous RE and energy efficiency 
capabilities. In recent years the government has prepared several 
legislations for more sustainable energy exploitation which are currently 
awaiting approval. Azerbaijan’s environmental strategy is based on 
protection of existing ecology while making the country’s energy prospect, 
and effective usage of natural resources to meet the current and future 
energy demand. Even though the country's climate is conducive to all forms 
of RESs, solar energy has the greatest potential. With the country ‘s annual 
number of sunshine hours ranging between 
2400
and 
3200
, more than 
23000 𝑊 
energy can be produced by the solar power, which is quite high in 
comparison to other countries. Hence, its solar irradiance is estimated to be 
around 
1500 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑚
-
2000 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑚
(Sustainable 
development 
– 
Azerbaijan energy profile – Analysis - IEA, 2022). The central river valleys 
and northern regions possess the foremost available energy resources.
Kazakhstan has enormous and untapped potential from solar, wind, 
hydro and biomass, however, currently fossil fuels make up the major part of 
the country’s power generation. The dominant energy source is the coal-fired 
plants comprising 
64.7 %
of overall energy generation which gives rise to 
greenhouse gas emissions and undesirable effects on human health and the 
nature (Karatayev and Clarke, 2014). Social, financial and institutional 
impediments are the primary reasons for the renewable energy resources 
not to be captured and deployed in a sustainable way in Kazakhstan. Wind 
and solar appear to be the main focus of renewable energy sector in the 
country. The steppe geography of the country makes it suitable for the 
application of wind power with a considerable potential of 
760 𝐺𝑊
which is 
economically producible. The average wind speed within the borders of the 
country is 
4 − 6 𝑚/𝑠
(in some regions reaching to 
27 − 36 𝑚/𝑠
at altitude of 
15 𝑚
) which is totally adequate for the energy generation, with the Caspian 
Sea, central and northern parts having the most capacity.
One of the priorities in sustainable exploitation of renewable energy 
resource is to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, thereby, increasing its 
share in ultimate energy consumption. Uzbekistan is another country which 
takes crucial steps in this direction. Despite its large solar energy potential, 
the country lacks industrial-scale solar power plants. The substantial RES 
potential in Uzbekistan might help the country to establish a green, 
ecologically friendly economy. The overall RES potential of the country is 
117 984 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑒
, with a technical potential of 
179.3 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑒
. Solar energy makes 

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