The birth of modern American dance occurred in the first years of the twentieth

 
 
Questions 11-13
Answer the questions below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
 
11 When Pearl Primus gave up dancing, what did she focus 
on doing? 
12 What was an important influence for Mark Morris’s The 
Hard Nut? 
13 Dancers working with Ohad Naharin practise without 
using what? 
Exam Practice Test 3
14
IELTS Essentials @IELTSUzNav

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A
Human beings love to laugh. It’s such an obvious fact that it’s easy to
overlook. Laughter, like music and language, is a fundamental human trait. Common
sense tells us that laughter is associated with happiness. However, there is also a
body of scientific evidence proving that laughter is good for us. Studies show that
laughter strengthens relationships in both personal and professional life. It has also
been established that laughter improves cardiovascular function, boosts the
immune system and releases beneficial hormones into the bloodstream. However,
according to psychologist Dr Peter Shrimpton, humans might all laugh, but they
often don’t remember doing it. ‘All the studies show that we laugh more frequently
than we realise,’ says Dr Shrimpton. ‘Perhaps because it is such a basic part of
human nature, we tend not to notice when we are laughing.’
B
Infants typically give their first laugh around three to four months of age,
long before they can talk. But according to biologists, this isn’t because they find
something amusing; it is rather a form of non-verbal communication. They laugh to
form a closer connection to the people they are with, and adults are little different.
‘There is a widespread belief outside the scientific community that we laugh
because something is humorous,’ says sociologist Jocelyn Barnes. ‘While this is true,
just as commonly the real purpose of laughter is to promote bonding with other
individuals or groups.’ This may be partly because it is almost impossible to imitate
laughter; even trained actors struggle to mimic a laugh convincingly. So if someone
is laughing, the chances are they are being genuine. There’s even difference
between a real and a fake smile. In the 19
th
century, the French neurologist
Guillaume Duchenne found that a genuine smile activates the zygomaticus major
and orbicularis muscles, and this in turn causes line to develop called ‘crow’s feet’ at
the outside corners of the eyes. No crow’s feet appear if the smile is put on.
C
There is certainly nothing new about joking and laughter. Attempts to be
humorous have been found from ancient Egypt, dating from 2600 BC. And a long
and detailed joke book called The Laughter Lover, which was written in ancient
Rome, still exists today. While of considerable historical value, it may not be all that
amusing any more. A professor of classics, Heinrich Ahrends, has studied many such
ancient sources and concluded that tastes in jokes have evolved markedly with the
passing of the centuries and that the jokes of our forebears would not get much of a
laugh today – and vice versa, no doubt. Nonetheless, studies show that almost
D
Much more common is contagious laughter: laughter that spreads
uncontrollably between people, sometimes referred to as ‘getting the giggles’.
Many people will have experienced this themselves, particularly as children, though
it also occurs in adults. On one infamous occasion, a group of BBC cricket
commentators got the giggles while broadcasting live on radio. And in January 1962
in Tanzania contagious laughter spread through a group of students. Ninety-five
pupils were affected and one girl laughed continuously for 16 days. Eventually the
situation became so bad that the authorities at the school felt obliged to close it
temporarily. In general, however, it is possible for most people to suppress laughter
in circumstances where it would be inappropriate. Scientists believe this is possible
because in the brain’s cerebral cortex there appears to be a laughter switch over
which humans have some conscious control.

everyone can find amusement in some form or other. There is a rare neurological 

disorder named aphonogelia that prevents some people from laughing out loud.
However, they may still be amused or entertained, but just express it in different 
ways.
E 
What is becoming clear to scientists is that laughter is highly complex. It 
appears, for example, that laughter has the power to override other emotions, at 
least temporarily. Neurologist Nikki Sokolov is studying the network of brain circuits 
and neurotransmi>ers that regulate laughter and other emotions. She hopes her 
work may provide further insights to explain the processes involved when laughter 
occurs simultaneously with other, seemingly contradict emotions, such as crying, for 
example. Another aspect of humoir’s complexity is that it is so subjective. What 
makes one person laugh will be met with stony silence by another. Writer David 
Mackenzie recognized this from the reactions his own jokes received. Intrigued, 
Mackenzie conducted an international online survey to establish exactly what 
makes people and what doesn’t, and was surprised by the diverse and often 
contradictory variety of topics and scenarios that were listed in each category. 
Understanding humour is still as much an art as science, according to theatre critic 
Jake Go>lieb. ‘Stand-up comedians are a remarkable type’, says Go>lieb. ‘Making 
jokes for a living is a serious business. You need to be a psychologist and social 
commentator, be empathetic, self-aware, observant, stubborn and have great 
timing. Not many of us are so multi-talented. ‘ Perhaps not, but we can still enjoy 
the instinctive humour of our family and friends, and perhaps sometimes but a 
ticket for a show.