E.g. reduced forms of the pronoun
he
[hi]
[
ɪ
]
[h
ɪ
]
as in the following sentences
He will do it.
[hi l
ˋ
du:
ɪ
t]
or
[h
ɪ
l
ˋ
du:
ɪ
t]
There are three degrees of full forms of reduction.
1.
The reduction of the length of a vowel without changing its quality (the so-called
quantitative reduction
)
Full forms Reduced forms with quantitative reduction
you
[ju:]
[ ju
˙
], [ ju ]
he
[hi:]
[ h
ɪ
˙
], [ h
ɪ
]
your
[j
:]
[ j
˙
], [ j
]
Compare the length of the vowel [i:] in the pronoun
she
in the following two sentences.
She looked for it.
She looked for her.
[
ˋ
i:
ˌ
lukt
ˌ
f
:r
ɪ
t]
[
i
.
ˋ
lukt f
.
h
ə
]
36
2.
The second degree of reduction consists in changing the quality of a vowel (the so-
called
qualitative reduction
)
Strong forms
Weak forms with qualitative reduction
for
[f
:]
[f
ə
]
her
[h
ə
:]
[h
ə
]
he
[hi:]
[h
ɪ
]
at
[æt]
[
ə
t]
can
[kæn]
[k
ə
n]
was
[w
z]
[w
ə
z]
but
[b
t]
[b
ə
t]
Compare the quality of the vowels in the preposition
for
also in the following two
sentences:
I’ll do it for him
I’ll do it for Ann.
[ a
ɪ
l
ˋ
du:
ɪ
t f
:r
ɪ
m ]
[a
ɪ
l
'
du:
ɪ
t f
ə
r
ˋ
æn]
Most vowels in weak forms are reduced to the neutral vowel
[
ə
]
,
although
the long
vowels
[i:]
and
[u:]
are usually reduced to
[
ɪ
]
and
[u]
respectively.
Full forms Reduced forms with qualitative reduction
he
[hi:]
[h
ɪ
]
do
[du:]
[du]
Compare also the following sentences.
He will go there.
[
ˋ
hi: l
ˌɡə
u
ð
e
ə
]
[ h
ɪ
l
ˋɡə
u
ð
e
ə
]
3.
The omission of a vowel or consonant sound (the so-called
zero reduction
)
Strong forms
Weak forms with zero reduction (the vowels are omitted)
am
[æm]
[m]
of
[
v]
[v]
can
[kæn]
[kn], [kŋ] before [k], [
ɡ
]
do
[du:]
[d]
is
[
ɪ
z]
[s], [z]
us
[
s]
[s]
shall
[
æl]
[
l]
(the consonants are omitted)
he
[hi:]
[i:], [
ɪ
]
him
[h
ɪ
m]
[
ɪ
m]
his
[h
ɪ
z]
[
ɪ
z]
must
[m
st]
[m
ə
s]
had
[hæd]
[
ə
d]
have
[hæv]
[
ə
v]
and
[ænd]
[
ə
n], [n]
has
[hæz]
[
ə
z], [z], [s]
(both the vowels and the consonants are omitted)
37
have
[hæv]
[v]
had
[hæd]
[d]
will
[w
ɪ
l]
[l]
shall
[
æl]
[l]
would
[wud]
[d]
List of Strong and Weak Forms
Strong forms
Weak forms
the
a
an
1. Articles
[ð
ɪ
:
]
[e
ɪ
]
(before consonants)
[æn]
(before vowels)
[ð
ə
] (before consonants)
[ð
ɪ
.
], [ð
ɪ
] (before vowels)
[
ə
]
(before consonants)
[
ə
n], [n] (before vowels)
at
for
from
of
into
to
through
2 Prepositions
[æt]
[f
:]
[f
:r]
[fr
m]
[
v]
['
ɪ
ntu:]
[ tu:]
[
ru:]
[
ə
t]
[f
ə
] (before consonants)
[f
ə
r], [fr] (before vowels)
[fr
ə
m]
[
ə
v], [v]
[
ɪ
ntu] (before vowels)
[
ɪ
nt
ə
] (before consonants )
[t
ə
], [t] (before consonants)
[
ru ]
38
can
must
will
shall
do (auxiliary)
does (auxiliary)
could
would
should
1
have (auxiliary)
has (auxiliary)
had (auxiliary)
be
been
am
are
is
was
were
3
Verbs
[kæn]
[m
st]
[w
ɪ
l]
[
æl]
[du:]
[d
z]
[kud]
[wud]
[
ud]
[hæv]
[hæz]
[hæd]
[bi:]
[bi:n]
[æm]
[a:] (before consonants)
[a:r] (before vowels)
[
ɪ
z]
[w
z]
[w
ə
:] (before consonants)
[w
ə
:r] (before vowels)
[k
ə
n], [kn], [kŋ] ( before [k], [
ɡ
] )
[m
ə
st], [m
ə
s]
[l]
[
ə
l], [
l]
[du], [d
ə
], [d]
[d
ə
z], [z], [s]
[k
ə
d], [kd]
[w
ə
d], [
ə
d], [d] ( after personal pronouns )
[
ə
d], [
d]
[h
ə
v], [
ə
v], [v]
[h
ə
z], [
ə
z], [z] (after vowels and voiced
consonants)
[s] (after voiceless consonants)
[h
ə
d], [
ə
d], [d] (after personal pronouns)
[b
ɪ
]
[b
ɪ
n]
[
ə
m], [m]
[
ə
] (before consonants)
[
ə
r] (before vowels)
[z] (after vowels and voiced consonants)
[s] (after voiceless consonants)
[w
ə
z]
[w
ə
] (before consonants)
[w
ə
r] (before vowels)
you
he
she
we
me
her
him
us
them
your
his
some
that
who
4
Pronouns
[ju:]
[hi:]
[
i:]
[wi:]
[mi:]
[h
ə
:] (before consonants)
[h
ə
:r] (before vowels)
[him]
[
s]
[ðem]
[j
:] (before consonants)
[j
:r] (before vowels)
[h
ɪ
z]
[s
m]
[ðæt]
[hu:]
[ju], [ju
.
]
[hi], [h
ɪ
], [i:], [
ɪ
]
2
[
i], [
ɪ
]
[wi], [w
ɪ
]
[mi], [m
ɪ
]
[h
ə
], [
ə
:], [
ə
] (before consonants)
[h
ə
r] ( before vowels )
[
ɪ
m]
[
ə
s], [s]
[ðem], [em], [m]
[j
˙
], [j
], [j
ə
] (before consonants)
[j
˙
r], [j
r], [j
ə
r] (before vowels)
[
ɪ
z] (in the middle of a sense – group)
[s
ə
m], [sm] (to express unspecified quantity)
[ð
ə
t] (relative pronoun)
[hu], [hu
.
], [u:], [u] (relative pronoun)
1
should
is used in its strong form when it expresses obligation.
2
A weak form with [h] would normally be used when unstressed but following a pause.
39
and
but
than
as
or
that
5
Conjunctions
[ænd]
[b
t]
[ðæn]
[æz]
[
:] (before consonants)
[
:r] (before vowels)
[ðæt]
[
ə
nd], [nd], [
ə
n], [n]
[b
ə
t]
[ð
ə
n], [ðn]
[
ə
z]
[
˙
], [
] (before consonants)
[
˙
r], [
r] (before vowels)
[ð
ə
t]
there
to
6
Particles
[ðe
ə
] (before consonats)
[ðe
ə
r] (before vowels)
[tu:]
[ð
ə
] (before consonats)
[ð
ə
r] (before vowels)
[t
ə
] (before consonats)
[tu] (before vowels)
not
nor
7
Negatives
[n
t]
[n
:] (before consonants)
[n
:r] (before vowels)
[nt]
[n
] (before consonats)
[n
r] (before vowels)
The following form – words in certain positions are used in their strong forms, even when
they are unstressed.
1.
Prepositions have their strong forms:
(a)
When they are final, e.g.
Do you know where I come from?
[dju 'n
əu
we
ə
r
̗
a
ɪ
k
m
╻
fr
m ]
(b)
When they are followed by an unstressed personal pronoun at the end of a sense–
group or a sentence. However in this position the weak form may also be used, e.g.
She was not listening to them.
[
i w
ə
z 'n
t
`
l
ɪ
sn
ɪ
ŋ
╻
tu: (t
ə
)
ð
ə
m]
2.
Auxiliary and modal verbs, as well as the link – verb
to be
, have their strong forms at the
end of a sense – group or a sentence, e.g.
Who is on duty today? I am.
['hu:
ɪ
z
`
dju:t
ɪ
t
ə
de
ɪ
|
`
a
ɪ
æm]
Who is absent today? Ann is.
['hu:
ɪ
z
`
æbs
ə
nt t
ə
de
ɪ
|
`
æn
ɪ
z]
What is hanging on the wall? Pictures are.
[
'
w
t
ɪ
z
'
hæŋ
ɪ
ŋ
n ð
ə
`
w
:l |
`
p
ɪ
k
ʧə
z
ɑ
:]
I don’t know where Tom was.
[a
ɪ
'd
əu
nt 'n
əu
we
ə
`
t
m w
z]
There are some form – words which are never reduced. They are:
which, what,
where, on, in, with, then, when, how, some
in the meaning of “certain”.
40
Well, then go and do as you’re told.
[
ˏ
wel
|
ðe
n
'
ɡəu
ə
nd
'
du:
ə
z ju
ə
`
t
əu
ld]
I stand on my right here.
[a
ɪ
'
stænd
n ma
ɪ
`
ra
ɪ
t h
ɪə
]
For some reason he hasn’t come to the party.
[f
ə
s
m
ˏ
r
ɪ
:zn
≀
h
ɪ
'
hæznt
'
k
m t
ə
ð
ə
ˎ
p
ɑ
:t
ɪ
]
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