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between literary animal studies and cognitive ethology would aid our
assessment of successfully zoocentric texts, whilst providing imaginative and
speculative tools for scientists. As indicated by Bekoff, the controversial study of
animal emotions makes this exchange all the more important. In his introduction
to
When Elephants Weep: The Emotional Lives of Animals
(1995),
Jeffrey
Moussaieff Masson states:
Surely we can train ourselves to an
empathic imaginative sympathy
for
another species. Taught what to look for in facial features, gestures,
postures, behavior, we could learn to be more open and more sensitive.
We need to exercise our
imaginative faculties
, stretch them beyond
where they have already taken us, and observe things we have never
been able to see before. We need not be limited by ourselves as the
reference point, by what has
already been written, by the existing
consensus among scientists. What do we have to lose in taking the
imaginative leap to broaden our sympathies and our horizons? (xxi-xxii,
emphasis added)
I contend that the “imaginative and speculative acts” (Simons 7) of zoocentric
literature can help us to “exercise our imaginative faculties” and “stretch them to
beyond where they have already taken us” (Masson xxi-xxii). Through cross-
disciplinary exchange, moreover, practical zoocriticism could indicate the
direction of future speculations that would enable us to “observe things we have
never been able to see be
fore” (xxii).
For
instance, a topic that remains surprisingly controversial is that of
nonhuman pleasure. In an article for
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